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Religion THE BIG Warm Up List in order what you think are the top 5 religions in the world according to followers. . . . . . World Religions Religion: Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism (?) Shinto (?) Sikhism Judaism Jainism Baha'I Members: 2.3 Billion 1.6 Billion 1.1 Billion 440 Million 45-120 Million 24 Million 17 Million 10 Million 8 Million * there are 500 million folk religions followers spread across Asia, Africa and the Americas as well as 500 million exclusively Chinese folk religions followers (Taoism, Confucianism.). World Religions Major Religion World Map History of Religion (and war…) http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of- religion.html Christianity Christianity People are sinful and that separates people from God Romans 3:23 For everyone has sinned; we all fall short of God’s glorious standard. 24 Yet God, with undeserved kindness, declares that we are righteous. He did this through Christ Jesus when he freed us from the penalty for our sins. 25 For God presented Jesus as the sacrifice for sin. People are made right with God when they believe that Jesus sacrificed his life, shedding his blood. This sacrifice shows that God was being fair when he held back and did not punish those who sinned in times past, 26 for he was looking ahead and including them in what he would do in this present time. God did this to demonstrate his righteousness, for he himself is fair and just, and he declares sinners to be right in his sight when they believe in Jesus. Christianity Despite people’s desires to live selfish or godless lives, God still wants relationship with people. John 3:16 For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. 17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. 18 Whoever believes in him is not condemned… Christianity Love God and love one another. We know what real love is because Jesus gave up his life for us. So we also ought to give up our lives for our brothers and sisters. 17 If someone has enough money to live well and sees a brother or sister in need but shows no compassion—how can God’s love be in that person? 18 Dear children, let’s not merely say that we love each other; let us show the truth by our actions. 1 John 3:16 History of Christian Branches Jesus AD 1 – AD 32/33 1.) Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Split in AD 1054 Michael Cerularius Split in AD 1517 Martin Luther 2.) Eastern Orthodox 3.) Protestant Why was Jesus important historically? To Rome: Rich/Poor (no discrimination, looks at the heart, cares for widows/children) Roman/Greek mentalities were based on doing everything for themselves , they made gods in their own image, rather than Christianity’s explanation that God made people in His image Roman/Greek gods - lower the bar, nothing to improve-no desire to help others, just yourself – What kind of society? Christianity - Humility, complete love of others, forgiveness, God's consistent love for you Kingdom of Heaven is now - Righteousness, Peace and Joy - that's what he offered Completely revolutionized what people believed was the way to live pompous, self-righteousness, “me first!” to the World: Time Magazine's Man of the Millennium in 2000 - no figure has been more influential Christianity is found in every culture, frequently in the form of humble help: Harvard University, Salvation Army, Red Cross, etc. 15 & 2 With your teammate: Discuss and write down the part that stood out to you. Discuss and write down questions about the previous section covered. Time To Chew Islam Islam Islam is to Muslim as Christianity is to Christian as Judaism is to Jew as Ninjutsu is to Ninja. Muslim Distribution Early Arab lifestyle Nomadic Ruled by sheikh Most Arabs were polytheistic, Judaism/Christianity was also prevalent Major god represented by black meteorite that was kept in holy tent. Muhammad Muhammad (Mohammed) Born in Mecca AD 570 Background – trader/merchant Angel Gabriel, Caves, Black Rock Fleeing from Mecca to Medina (the “Hirjrah”) – AD 622 Triumphant return to Mecca (“Hajj”) where Muhammad’s forces fought the Meccans for 8 years finally conquering in AD 630 Islam = Submission to Allah Five Pillars of Islam: Belief (in Allah as the one God) Prayer (5 times a day toward Mecca) Charity (giving $$$/alms to the poor) Fasting (during Ramadan during the day) Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca. Islam = Submission to Allah Hadith Prophetic 'traditions', meaning the reports of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Compiled from oral reports in society long after the death of Muhammad. Primary - Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammad al-Bukhari (AD 810-870) The hadith was used in forming the basis of 'Sharia' Law. ‘Sharia’ Law Means the moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as hygiene, diet, prayer, everyday etiquette and fasting. Adherence to Islamic law has served as one of the distinguishing characteristics of the Muslim faith. The Black Stone The Black Stone is a Muslim relic. It is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba, the ancient stone building towards which Muslims pray, in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Stone is a dark rock, polished smooth by the hands of millions of pilgrims, that has been broken into a number of fragments cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba. Muslim pilgrims circle the Kaaba as part of their ritual of the Hajj pilgrimmage. Islamic Burka? The Koran, Islam's holy book , tells Muslims - men and women - to dress modestly. Male modesty has been interpreted to be covering the area from the navel to the knee - and for women it is generally seen as covering everything except their face, hands and feet when in the presence of men they are not related or married to. This has led to a distinction between the hijab (literally "covering up" in Arabic) and the niqab (meaning "full veil"). Hijab is a common sight among Muslim women, a scarf that covers their hair and neck. Niqab consists of covering up completely, including gloves and a veil for the face - leaving just a slit for the eyes, or covering them too with transparent material. Islam and Terrorism? Definition of Terrorism "the unlawful use of -- or threatened use of -- force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives." -- U.S. Department of Defense publication In the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S., the threat of militant Islamic terrorism -rooted in the Middle East and South Asia - has taken center stage. While these extremely violent religious extremists represent a minority view, their threat is real. Islam and Terrorism? FUNDAMENTALIST ISLAM MODERATE ISLAM A movement that has gained A Muslim / an interpretation of momentum in recent decades within several Muslim nations. Islamic fundamentalists oppose the infiltration of secular and Westernizing influences and seek to institute Islamic law, including strict codes of behavior throughout the world. Often uses strict interpretation of the Qur’an to justify violence. Islam that rejects extremism and terrorism or is generally accepting of Western society. Problem of that definition: Implies that Islam as a whole is by definition intolerant and aggressive; that the majority of Muslims are extremist or violent - hence the need to qualify those who are not - rather than establish a peaceful Islam as the norm; alternatively put: it equates being faithful with violence and - implying that the less Islam consumed, the better. Islam and Terrorism? In 1980 two out of 64 “terrorist” groups were categorized as largely religious in motivation In 1995 almost half of the identified groups, 26 out of 56, were classified as religiously motivated; the majority of these espoused Islam as their guiding force. Islam and Terrorism? ISIS - Islamic State in Iraq and Syria Started as an al Qaeda splinter group. The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. ISIS is known for killing dozens of people at a time and carrying out public executions, crucifixions and other acts. It has taken over large swaths of northern and western Iraq. The group currently controls hundreds of square miles. It ignores international borders and has a presence from Syria's Mediterranean coast to south of Baghdad. It rules by Sharia law. LEADER: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Very little is known, but a biography posted on jihadist websites in 2013 said he earned a doctorate in Islamic studies from a university in Baghdad. ISIS's initial strategy for revenue was through extortion and robbery. Recently, al-Baghdadi's strategy shifted to generating resources through large-scale attacks aimed at capturing and holding territory. Moderate Muslims and the Credibility Crisis “Most of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims do not countenance violence and human rights violations, but the fact remains that fundamentalists are not a fringe group; they occupy senior positions in Muslim clerical hierarchy. There are tens of millions (or more) of them, and they believe their interpretation of Islam is the only correct one. Moderate Muslims claim they are being unfairly lumped into this motley crew, but if they are claiming a schism, they haven't been clear about it. When Martin Luther, a Catholic priest and a theology professor, repudiated two core teachings of the Catholic Church, he acknowledged that, by definition, he was no longer Catholic. He was part of the Protestant Reformation, and his followers are called Lutherans. Moderate Muslims still call themselves Muslims. But there will never be a Quran 2.0. According to fundamentalists, moderates do not follow the rules, and fundamentalists are correct on this point.” - Janet Tavakoli, Huffington Post Blog, 11/11/2014 Moderate Muslims and the Credibility Crisis The Muslim World Today “For many Muslims and non-Muslims alike, it is clear that the contemporary Muslim world is in crisis. Despite a 600 year Golden Age characterized by scientific innovation, political and economic success, and cosmopolitan tolerance, the Muslim world now lags behind much of the rest of the world in numerous significant areas including the sciences, and artistic and cultural production… ” “Governance is also a major problem throughout the Muslim world, where true democracies are rare and the vast majority of states routinely deny basic human rights to their citizens. Of the 46 Muslim-majority countries, Freedom House deems only 7 percent (three countries) to be “free,” while 43 percent (20 countries) are deemed “partially free” and 50 percent (23 countries) are “not free.”…” “Nevertheless, although Islam is not the source of the Muslim world’s problems, there is an important and relevant relationship between Islam and many of the oppressive laws and practices that are prevalent throughout the Muslim world. With the exception of a small minority, the governments of the world that claim to speak on behalf of the global community of Muslims are authoritarian and repressive. These states promote a distorted and Medieval form of Islamic law to justify their harsh practices and, often, the very existence of their regimes. Even more radical and violent interpretations of sharia are the source of inspiration for terrorist splinter groups around the world…” “Perversely, the vast majority of Muslims—who indeed reject violence and extremism—are increasingly marginalized and caught between the narratives promoted by radicals within their own faith community and conservatives from outside their communities.” - Excerpts from Kareem Elbayer’s “Reclaiming Tradition: Islamic Law in a Modern World” in George Washington University’s International Affairs Review 15 & 2 With your teammate: Discuss and write down the part that stood out to you. Discuss and write down questions about the previous section covered. Time To Chew Judaism Judaism / Israelites Dates c.2300 Abraham 1200 BC Moses 970-930 Height of Israel Location Eastern Mediterranean Contributions Hebrew language Monotheism Hebrew Bible Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments Leaders Abraham (c.2400) Moses (c.1500s) Solomon(970-930) Religion Monotheistic Judaism Yahweh/God (later Christianity and Islam claim connection to Judaism) Cities Jerusalem What do Jews belive? Judaism does not have a formal mandatory beliefs Most accepted summary of Jewish beliefs is Rambam's (AD 1135-1204) 13 principles of faith G-d exists G-d is one and unique G-d is incorporeal G-d is eternal Prayer is to be directed to G-d alone and to no other The words of the prophets are true Moses' prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets The Written Torah (first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral Torah (teachings now contained in the Talmud and other writings) were given to Moses There will be no other Torah G-d knows the thoughts and deeds of men G-d will reward the good and punish the wicked The Messiah will come The dead will be resurrected Even these basic principles have been debated Judaism focuses on the relationships between the Creator, mankind, and the land of Israel Torah or Old Testament? TORAH (The Law): Bereishith (In the beginning...) (Genesis) Shemoth (The names...) (Exodus) Vayiqra (And He called...) (Leviticus) Bamidbar (In the wilderness...) (Numbers) Devarim (The words...) (Deuteronomy) KETHUVIM (The Writings): Tehillim (Psalms) Mishlei (Proverbs) Iyov (Job) Shir Ha-Shirim (Song of Songs)a Ruth Eikhah (Lamentations) Qoheleth (the author's name) (Ecclesiastes) Esther Daniel Ezra & Nechemyah (Nehemiah) (treated as one book) Divrei Ha-Yamim (The words of the days) (Chronicles) NEVI'IM (The Prophets): Yehoshua (Joshua) Shoftim (Judges) Shmuel (I &II Samuel) Melakhim (I & II Kings) Yeshayah (Isaiah) Yirmyah (Jeremiah) Yechezqel (Ezekiel) The Twelve (treated as one book): Hoshea (Hosea) Yoel (Joel) Amos Ovadyah (Obadiah) Yonah (Jonah) Mikhah (Micah) Nachum Chavaqquq (Habbakkuk) Tzefanyah (Zephaniah) Chaggai Zekharyah (Zechariah) Malakhi Abraham – Judaism, Christianity, Islam Abraham – Judaism, Christianity, Islam Hand out… 15 & 2 With your teammate: Discuss and write down the part that stood out to you. Discuss and write down questions about the previous section covered. Time To Chew India Hinduism The classical theory of the origins of Hinduism traces the religion's roots to the Indus valley civilization circa 4000 to 2200 BCE. The development of Hinduism was influenced by many invasions over thousands of years. The major influences occurred when lighter-skinned, nomadic "Aryan" Indo-European tribes invaded Northern India (circa 1500 BCE) from the steppes of Russia and Central Asia. They brought with them their religion of Vedism. These beliefs mingled with the more advanced, indigenous Indian native beliefs, often called the "Indus valley culture.". India’s Caste System Hinduism The primary sacred texts of Hinduism are the Vedas: the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. The Vedas contain hymns, incantations, and rituals from ancient India. The Rig Veda (a.k.a. Rigveda) may be the oldest of the four. Estimates of its date of composition in oral form range from 1500 BCE to 4000 BCE. The Yajur and Atharva Vedas refer to the vernal equinox having occurred in the Pleiades constellation -- an event dating from about 2500 BCE. The date when the Vedas were placed in written form is unknown. Various dates from 600 to after 300 BCE have been suggested. Hinduism Categorizing the religion of Hinduism is somewhat confusing: Hinduism has commonly been viewed in the west as a polytheistic religion - one which worships multiple deities: gods and goddesses. Although a widespread belief, this is not particularly accurate Some have viewed it as a monotheistic religion, because it recognizes only one supreme God: the panentheistic principle of Brahman, that all reality is a unity. The entire universe is seen as one divine entity who is simultaneously at one with the universe and who transcends it as well. Some view Hinduism as Trinitarian because Brahman is simultaneously visualized as a triad -- one God with three persons: Brahma the Creator who is continuing to create new realities Vishnu, (Krishna) the Preserver, who preserves these new creations. Whenever dharma (eternal order, righteousness, religion, law and duty) is threatened, Vishnu travels from heaven to earth in one of ten incarnations. Shiva, the Destroyer, is at times compassionate, erotic and destructive. 15 & 2 With your teammate: Discuss and write down the part that stood out to you. Discuss and write down questions about the previous section covered. Time To Chew BUDDHA Buddhism The name Buddhism comes from the word 'budhi' which means 'to wake up' and thus Buddhism is the philosophy of awakening. This philosophy has its origins in the experience of the man Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who was himself awakened at the age of 35. Buddhism is now 2,500 years old and has about 300 million followers world-wide. Until a hundred years ago, Buddhism was mainly an Asian philosophy but increasingly it is gaining adherents in Europe and America. Buddhism Buddhism, like most of the great religions of the world, is divided into a number of different traditions. However, most traditions share a common set of fundamental beliefs. One fundamental belief of Buddhism is often referred to as reincarnation -- the concept that people are reborn after dying. In fact, most individuals go through many cycles of birth, living, death and rebirth. A practicing Buddhist differentiates between the concepts of rebirth and reincarnation. In reincarnation, the individual may recur repeatedly. In rebirth, a person does not necessarily return to Earth as the same entity ever again. He compares it to a leaf growing on a tree. When the withering leaf falls off, a new leaf will eventually replace it. It is similar to the old leaf, but it is not identical to the original leaf. After many such cycles, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. This is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering. Buddhism 4 Noble Truths 1.) Ordinary life is full of suffering. 2.) This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves. 3.) The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves. 4.) The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path. Buddhism’s Middle Path Right View: We need to know the Four Noble Truths. Right intention: We need to decide what we really want. Right speech: We must seek to speak truth and to speak well of others. Right action: The Buddha gave five precepts: “Do not kill. Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not be unchaste. Do not take drugs or drink alcohol.” Right livelihood: We must do work that uplifts our being. Right effort: The Buddha said, “those who follow the Way might well follow the example of an ox that arches through the deep mud carrying a heavy load. He is tired, but his steady, forward-looking gaze will not relax until he comes out of the mud.” Right mindfulness: We must keep our minds in control of our senses: “All we are is the result of what we have thought.” Right concentration: We must meditate to see the world in a new way. 15 & 2 With your teammate: Discuss and write down the part that stood out to you. Discuss and write down questions about the previous section covered. Time To Chew Religion Surveys Take Class Religion Survey below: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/Q78F67Y Take Religion Survey below: http://www.selectsmart.com/RELIGION/