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Download The War Begins: 1860 - 1865
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The War Begins: 1860 - 1865 Causes of the Civil War • Difference in the North & South ideals of society (industrial v. plantation) • Sectionalism (divided the country) • States’ rights v. Nationalism • Slavery (debate on whether slavery would be allowed in the Western territories) • Other issues (Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Dred Scott Case, John Brown’s Raid, Election of 1860) The South Secedes •After the election of 1860, South Carolina follows through on its promise and secedes from the Union on December 20, 1860 (followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) •Formed the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis as their president •Emphasized states’ rights w/limited government •Wanted to restore the Union to what it had been prior to the rise of the Republican party •Congress suggests a compromise which would extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, Lincoln ultimately rejects this plan Fort Sumter and the Start of the War • • • President Lincoln faced the difficult decision of attempting to send much-needed supplies to Fort Sumter (located in South Carolina) or surrender it to the Confederacy Supplies were dispatched to the Fort; prior to their arrival South Carolina opens fire on the fort. Lincoln responds by calling out the militia Several more states secede from the Union including Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri will remain in the Union) Union (Blue) Confederacy (Gray) •President Abraham Lincoln •Capital: Washington, D.C. •Had many economic advantages •Large population who supported the war effort •President Jefferson Davis •Capital: Richmond, VA •Had many experienced military leaders (many who had resigned from the U.S. army) •Great military tradition Resources of the North & South Resources continued 100 90 80 70 60 North South 50 40 30 20 10 0 Population Factories Wealth Cotton The North’s War Strategy • Anaconda Plan - offered by General Winfield Scott which was to establish a blockade of southern ports as well as the central river systems (Ohio & Mississippi) • Isolate the south so they would run out of supplies (War of Attrition) • Capture Richmond • Eventually free the slaves • Ulysses S. Grant chosen as leader of Union forces The South’s War Strategy • Planned for a War of Attrition hoping to force the North to expend its resources • Had to go on the offensive as the war was fought primarily in the South which led to great battle losses • Use of highly trained military leaders • Planned to capture Washington DC & defend Richmond • Robert E. Lee was chosen as the leader of the Confederate Army Key Battles of the War Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) Battle of New Orleans (April 1862) South defeats the North & forces them to retreat to DC Battle of Shiloh (April 1862) Union defeats the South as Grant captures control of the Tennessee river and several forts Considered the bloodiest of battles (lasted 1 day); a draw; 17,000 wounded North defeats the South, stops Lee from moving into DC, the turn in the tide of the war Battle of Antietam (September 1862) Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) Union defeats the South and captures New Orleans African Americans in the War • 200,000 apprx. Blacks served in the Union in the war • Blacks also served for the South with the hope of becoming free in the process Lincoln & the War •As the war dragged on, Lincoln’s response to spur the North on & to inflict damage to the South was to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on Sept. 22, 1862 -Offered the South 100 days to surrender -On Jan 1, 1863, the proclamation went into effect & freed slave in the Confederate states -As a result large numbers of slaves fled North which in turn hurt the Confederate war effort with a loss of labor •Lincoln also issued the Gettysburg Address on Nov. 19, 1863 The War Ends • Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865 • President Lincoln is reelected in the election of 1864 beating the Democratic nominee General George McClellan • Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 • About 618,000 men died in the war, about 4,000,000 slaves were freed , & the South lay in ruins and economic despair Lee surrenders to Grant