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The Union vs. The Confederacy A Country at War Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Confederate General - Was known for his brilliant tactical abilities and his talent on the battlefield - Considered to be the most revered Confederate General after General Lee Battle of Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 - Virginia Generals: Irwin McDowell vs. P.G.T Beauregard - First major land battle of the Civil War. Reason for Attack: Gen. McDowell is pressured by Washington to gain a quick victory on Confederate soil and to take pressure off of the U.S. Capital. Strategically: McDowell wanted to take railroad leading to Richmond. Results: 1. “There stand Jackson like a stone wall” 2. Confederate Victory – Union is forced to retreat back to Washington… Confederates don’t chase. Outcomes: 1. It would not be a short war – Forget about 3 months. 2. Both armies needed to be properly trained 3. General McDowell is replaced by General McClellan Creation of the Ironclad • • Created in Europe in 1859. Three Chief Characteristics 1. Metal/Iron Skinned Hull 2. Steam Propulsion 3. Main Armament of Guns capable of firing Explosive Shells. • Confederacy needed to gain an advantage In February 1862, The Confederacy established the first U.S. Ironclad, The Merrimack The Monitor vs. The Merrimack March 9, 1862 The Merrimack plans to destroy the naval blockade at Hampton Roads, Virginia. The Merrimack successfully destroys three Union ships before the USS Monitor comes to the rescue. This was the first battle in maritime history that two ironclad ships waged war. The battle lasts for 4 ½ hours and ends with a Merrimack retreat. Two days later the Merrimack is ordered to be blown up. Outcomes: 1. The Merrimack had prevented McClellan from using the James River, the best route to Richmond. 2. The Monitor had prevented the Confederates hopes of breaking the Union blockade. "From the moment the two ships opened fire that Sunday morning, every other navy on earth was obsolete" Technological Advances 1. Hot Air Balloons 2. New Weapons 3. Ironclads/Navy 4. Railroads 5. Telegraph Hot Air Balloons • The first balloon launch to spy on Confederate positions took place in late July 1861. • This was the first time in American history that balloons were used for reconnaissance. Both sides started to use this tactic. • Telegraphs would even be hooked up to the balloon in order to get instant information. New Weapons - Ager’s “Coffee Mill” Gun – Multi-cylinder, rapid fire, Kind of a Machine Gun, but you crank it. - Land Mines – Confederates started to use shells in the ground that would trigger when stepped on. - Trench Warfare – By the end of the war, direct assaults were suicidal. Armies started to dig in. Ironclads/Navy Submarines: - USA – 1862, the Union develops its first submarine. A marvel of engineering, but a piece of Junk. - CSA – 1863, Confederates develop small working subs capable of torpedo attacks. Most famous called The Hunley. Railroads • The Railroad started to take off in the 1830s. • By the start of the war: 22,000 miles for the Union and 9,000 miles for the Confederacy. • Wartime effect ? - Could move large number of troops quickly and efficiently. - The ability to move supplies, especially food. Heavy weapons were also transported. Telegraph It was developed in 1837 by Samuel Morse. Made it possible to communicate with someone by wire using Morse Code. Civil War uses… - First used to communicate to the Capitals on both sides. - By the middle and end of the war, it was used to communicate for practically everything. Women During The Civil War Jobs women preformed during the war… 1. Nurse – Both sides weren’t prepared for the onslaught of wounded. Jobs preformed: Cook and feed, washing the soldiers, bandages, and medicate. 2. Spies – Burning desire to do something for “the cause.” There job would usually be to gain information, code it, and pass it to the North or South. "It was better for the blood to rise to a ladies face rather than have the blood of our boys flow on the ground.” 3. Vivandiere’s - Acceptable way for women to serve in the army. They would cook for the troops and carry the men water and medicine during the battles. 4. Sanitary and Commission Workers Women who worked in different agencies raising supplies for the troops and the hospitals. Important Women -Clara Barton – Established an agency to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers. Followed the troops into battle. -Elizabeth Van Lew (Crazy Bet) – Considered one of the great female spies of all time. She spied for the Union. Lew is a member of the Intelligence Hall of Fame -Belle Boyd – She was a Confederate spy who operated her uncle’s hotel in Virginia. She provided Stonewall Jackson and other confederates of troop movements and supply trains. -Harriet Tubman – She was an abolitionist who helped Southern slaves escape to the North. She also became a Union nurse, a scout, and was the first women to lead an armed assault during the war. The Battle of New Orleans April 24–25, 1862 The Anaconda Plan at work – Gain control of the Mississippi River. • Admiral David Farragut enters the mouth of the Mississippi River with a fleet of 43 ships and heads towards New Orleans. • Farragut faces a small resistance from two Forts – Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. Farragut anchored in front of New Orleans and the city formally surrendered without a fight on April 25. Outcome: - The Confederacy lost its access to the Atlantic Ocean through New Orleans. - Only Vicksburg was keeping the Union from controlling the entire Mississippi River. th 54 Massachusetts Regiment • One of the first official black units in the United States armed forces. • Their commander was Colonel Robert Shaw – (White Officers had to be in charge of all “colored” units) Main Action: - Skirmish with Confederate troops on James Island, South Carolina. - Assault on Fort Wagner in Charleston, S.C. *Colonel Robert Shaw was killed during this battle. Despite the failed assault on Fort Wagner, the 54th was widely acclaimed for its valor and the event helped encourage further enlistment of AfricanAmerican troops Review Questions • What were hot air balloons used for? • What kind of weapon did the Confederates use during their retreats? • What instrument made it possible to communicate long distances? • Name two things women did during the Civil War. • What African American woman became a Union abolitionist, nurse, and scout? The Battle of Shiloh April 6 - 7, 1862 in Southwestern Tennessee Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Albert S. Johnston Confederates launch a surprise attack against General Grants forces. Why: ??? - Drive Grant away from Tennessee River - Keep Grant from linking up with the Army of the Ohio. Outcome: Union Victory - Bloodiest battle in U.S. history at this point – Almost 24,000 were killed or wounded. - General Johnston was killed in action. Significance: - The Union army now had a clear path to the Mississippi River. - “I can’t spare this man; he fights.” Early Confederate Success 1862 – 1863 - Virginia Peninsula Campaign – General George McClellan planned to take the city of Richmond. Problems: – McClellan moved up the Peninsula too slowly, allowing Confederates to reinforce. – Stonewall Jackson stayed in the Shenandoah Valley preventing the Union from receiving reinforcements. Outcome: Confederate victories - Complete Union failure - Leads to the 7 Days’ Battle Review Questions • The ___________ was a black regiment that fought heroically at the Battle of Fort ________. • What was the main reason for the Peninsula Campaign? • What General wins at Shiloh? Significance? • Why was the New Orleans Port so Important? • What other Union General do we meet for the first time at the Battle of Shiloh? Seven Days’ Battle June 25 – July 1, 1862 - Virginia Generals: George McClellan vs. Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Outcome: Confederate Victory - A very costly victory – 20,000 Confederate casualties and wounded Significance: a. General McClellan is forced to retreat down the peninsula by Lee. b. McClellan is replaced with General John Pope 2nd Battle of Bull Run/2nd Battle of Manassas, Virginia August 28, 1862 Generals: John Pope vs. Lee, Jackson, Longstreet, J.E.B.Stuart Reason for Attack: Lee wants to go on the offensive. Pope wants to protect Washington and keep pressure off of McClellan. (Other Union Army) Outcome: Confederate Victory Significance: Another Union defeat. This gives Lee confidence and he becomes the Aggressor. John Pope is replaced as commander by Lincoln: McClellan becomes commander of the Union forces again. The Battle of September 17, 1862 Antietam/Sharpsburg, Maryland Generals: George McClellan vs. Robert E. Lee Reason for Attack: Lee wants to seek supplies and new recruits. The belief that European Aid could be gained if the Confederacy wins a battle on Northern soil. Union finds Lee’s detailed Battle Plans. Outcome: Union Victory Significance: a. Bloodiest single day in American history – over 23,000 combined casualties. b. No European Aid to the South. c. Lincoln fires McClellan because he could have destroyed the Confederate forces but doesn’t. d. Emancipation Proclamation is issued. Emancipation Proclamation Freeing someone from the control of another The formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice On September 22, 1862, Lincoln decides to broaden the cause of the war by abolishing slavery in the rebelling states. Why Emancipate? 1. Punish the South Economically 2. North now had a dual purpose – Preserve the Union and Abolish Slavery 3. Turned foreign popular opinion in favor of the Union 4. Slaves helped in the Confederate war effort. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia December 13, 1862 Generals: Ambrose Burnside vs. Robert E. Lee Reason for Attack: This is the last time to capture Richmond before the winter. Battle: Burnside orders 14 assaults on Lee’s position. Fails each time – 12,000 Union casualties. Outcome: Confederate Victory Significance: a. Remembered as the most one-sided battle of the Civil War. Failed to capture Richmond. b. Burnside is replaced by Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker. “If there is a worse place than hell, I’m in it” Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2-3, 1863 Virginia Generals: Joseph Hooker vs. Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Reason for Attack: Destroy the much smaller army of the Confederacy. March to Richmond. Battle: Jackson’s 14 mile flank march Confederates fight the Union army on two Fronts. Outcome: Confederate Victory Significance: a. Thomas Stonewall Jackson is accidentally killed by his own men. b. Gives Lee the courage to try an aggressive invasion to the North. This will end up being Gettysburg. c. Lincoln replaces Hooker with General George Meade. Civil War Photography Daguerreotype – Early type of photography, which was used throughout the Civil War. - The image was exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver. - Quicker exposure time made it possible to take pictures on the battlefield. Two Famous War Photographers Matthew Brady: He started as a war photographer, at the First Battle of Bull Run. - Brady shocked the public with his gallery entitled, “The Dead of Antietam.” Alexander Gardner: Famous war photographer, who only recently has received fame. - Lincoln’s favorite photographer. Events Leading Up To Gettysburg • Robert E. Lee believes that his army is invincible, because of what two battles? • What was Lee’s most significant loss at the Battle of Chancellorsville? • Can you predict how this may affect the Confederate Army? • Lee moves across the Potomac River into Pennsylvania, why? • If you were the commander of the Union forces, what would you have to do? Battle of Gettysburg Day 1: July 1, 1863 The Battle of Gettysburg began over a supply of Shoes! The North came from the south and the Confederates came from the north. Small skirmish, turns into a serious situation. Reinforcements were called in on both sides. Lee arrives in town by noon and orders his troops to clear the city. By mid afternoon the Confederates controlled the town of Gettysburg. The Union forces are pushed back to the south of the town, but gains strong positions on Culp’s Hill, the Round Tops, and Cemetery Ridge. Significance: By the end of the day, the Union held the High ground. Day 2 : July 2, 1863 • Throughout the night, armies continued to receive reinforcements. • Lee’s main plan is to take Culp’s Hill and the Roundtops. • The men on Culp’s Hill hold the high ground and Chamberlain holds the Roundtops. • Despite not winning the high points, Lee announced that the day was a Confederate victory • Most Importantly – The Union was still able to hold the high ground! Day 3: July 3, 1863 Lee felt that his Army of Virginia was invincible. Despite Longstreet's warnings, Lee continued with his attack. First Plan? Lee had to change his battle plan and adapted a frontal assault strategy on Cemetery Ridge. Lee picks General George Pickett to lead the charge. Before the charge, the Confederate artillery focused all of their fire on the middle of the Union line. 150 Confederate guns. The Confederates had to march 1 ½ miles to the Union position. The Confederates only had one opportunity to breach the Union line, at The Angle, but failed, do to Union reinforcements. Overall, the charge failed = 6,500 casualties On July 4th, Lee’s army is forced to retreat. General Meade did not pursue Lee – Could have ended the war. Significance of Gettysburg? 1. Lee will never go North again… He is back to having a defensive war strategy. 2. First time that Lee had been clearly defeated by a Union army – Not invincible. 3. Considered the turning point of the Civil War – The start of many Union victories. Work Cited • http://www.patrickobrienstudio.com/maritime%20art/paint ings/assets/Duel%20of%20the%20Ironclads.jpg • http://www.wpclipart.com/American_History/civil_war/iro nclads_1862.png • http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/history/IMAGES/ironclad. gif • http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/mapcom/imag es/va.gif • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/New_ orleans_1862.jpg/270px-New_orleans_1862.jpg • http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civilwar/1861/october/new-orleans.jpg