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Civil War 1861-1865 A New Nation is Formed After Georgia seceded the General Assembly recommended that the seceding states should form a confederacy. A confederacy is a loose union of sovereign states in which a central government is given limited powers. Leaders of Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Texas, and Louisiana met and voted to form a new nation. Its new name was the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis was elected the first President of the Confederacy. He was a former military officer, U.S. Senator from Mississippi, and U.S. Secretary of War. Georgia’s Alexander Stephens was picked to be the Confederacy’s vice-president. Thomas R.R. Cobb, a noted Athens lawyer and University of Georgia law professor, was principally responsible for drafting a constitution for the new Confederacy. On March 11th, 1861 the Confederate constitution was adopted. Montgomery, Alabama became the Confederacy’s first capital. The new government began work, raising money and preparing for a short war. All eyes turned to Charleston, South Carolina. The U. S. kept military forces in South Carolina even though they had already seceded from the nation. The Confederates wanted control of the bases in South Carolina. One base was Fort Sumter. On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War at Union forces in Fort Sumter. After two days of fighting the Union forces surrendered. Down came the stars and stripes and up went the Confederate Stars and Bars!! Lincoln Takes Action Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to enlist for three months to put down the rebellion. Within a month the call was raised to 500,000 volunteers willing to serve for three years. Across the North young men answered the president’s call. Lincoln also declared a naval blockade of the South. The U.S. Navy would prevent all ships from entering or leaving southern ports. Southern States are forced to choose! South Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee picked the Confederacy. North Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri – stayed in the Union (border states). Because of Virginia’s size, location, and resources, the Confederate government moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia. Four other slave holding states – Delaware, Also staying with the Union were the nonslaveholding counties in western Virginia. In 1863, they seceded from Virginia and joined the Union as the new state of West Virginia. Union/Confederate/Border States 1st Confederate Capital Fort Sumter 2nd Confederate Capital Union Capital Washington D.C. At first neither northern or southern leaders expected that war would last very long. Southerners believed that the people of the North wouldn’t have the stomach for fighting. Northerners felt their huge advantages in resources would mean swift military defeat of the South. The Civil War would last 4 years. Its costs would be staggering – over 600,000 southern and northern soldiers killed another 400,000 wounded. Major Battles Everyone (both North and South) thought the war would not last long – Neither realized how costly it would be in lives lost and economic devastation Most battles were in Virginia followed by Tennessee and Georgia First major battle -- 1st Battle of Manasses (Battle of Bull Run) – Georgia’s 21st regiment lost 76% of its men Manassas (Bull Run) The War Soldiers left home to cheering crowds and the sound of military drums At first, superior military leadership gave the South an advantage. Yet, its soldiers were vastly outnumbered by the North, forcing the Confederate government to begin a draft – a law requiring civilians to join the army. (conscription) War Changes America Virginia’s Manassas Junction, near Bull Run Creek was the site of the first major battle. Confederate forces won a stunning upset. There were early Southern victories but the superior numbers and equipment of the North soon began to make a difference. Both sides realized it was going to be a long conflict, and the glamour of war began to fade. Soon, caskets and disabled soldiers were returning to Georgia in a steady flow. Of the 120,000 Georgians who fought for the South, about 25,000 lost their lives Life in Georgia is changed significantly! The Union’s naval blockade of the southern ports prevented the export of cotton, the South’s main source of income. This resulted in the South having little money to buy military supplies and food. Women Contributions Slave Contributions •Found substitutes for such necessities as coffee, sugar, and tea. •Built forts and prisons •Learned to use native-grown roots, herbs, and other plants to take care of the sick. •Worked as cooks, wagon drivers, and blacksmiths •Took over the responsibilities of running the farms and plantations. •Helped care for the wounded. •Repaired railroads Battle of Antietam the bloodiest one day battle – almost 23,000 casualties Union victory – It was really a tie – Fewer Confederate casualties than Union casualties, BUT Lee retreated It gave President Lincoln courage to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. – Ultimatum – The south must surrender or all slaves in the confederacy would be freed – The south did not surrender. Antietam Emancipation Proclamation This historic document stated that on January 1, 1863, all persons held as slaves in any state of the Confederacy “shall be thence forward, and forever free.” The war was no longer just a fight to preserve the Union. It was now a war to free southern slaves. Lincoln was not only freeing slaves but he was asking them to come join the Union army. Many did! Did the Emancipation Proclamation free the slaves? Gettysburg Heart of the Confederacy Georgia became one of the Confederacy’s most important sources of supplies Farmers were told to switch from growing cotton to raising corn and other foodstuffs needed by the soldiers Georgia had more industry than any other Confederate state so they supplied the Confederate soldiers with cannons, guns, gunpowder, wagons, tools, railroad cars, saddles, harnesses, and clothing This made it the “heart of the Confederacy” because of its 1,400 miles of railroads. Destruction of Georgia’s resources would be fatal to the Confederate war effort. Lee Takes War to the North General Robert E. Lee decided to take the war to the North. Lee thought if they could win some battles in the North, the North might agree to a political settlement to end the war. Battle of Gettysburg General Robert E. Lee General George Meade Lee and his men entered the little town of Gettysburg, Pa looking for supplies and ran into a Union cavalry unit of General George Meade’s Army of the Potomac. Lee decided to take on Meade’s unit although he was outnumbered 75,000 to Meade’s 97,000 men. The battle would prove to be the most important battle of the Civil War. On July 1, 1863 the greatest battle ever fought on the continent of North America began. In three days of terrible fighting, both sides fought bravely. The Confederate Army suffered 28,000 killed, wounded, or captured. Union casualties numbered 23,000. Lee retreated to Virginia! Battle of Gettysburg Bloodiest battle in the entire Civil War – Lasted 3 days Turning point of the war – Confederate Army suffered 28,000 killed, wounded, or captured. – Union casualties numbered 23,000 This battle marked the end of a possible Confederate victory The Confederacy Splits General Ulysses S. Grant captured Vicksburg, Mississippi giving the North control of the Mississippi River and splitting the Confederacy in two. In late November, Chattanooga, Tennessee fell to the Union forces. 1863 was not a good year for the Confederates. War in Georgia Over 100 Civil War battles and skirmishes in Georgia Most were in 1864 involving Union General William T. Sherman. Battle of Chickamauga (2nd bloodiest battle) – Confederate victory, but Gen Bragg did not follow up on the Union retreat. – General Ulysses S. Grant sent more troops. War Comes to Georgia Not much fighting occurred in Georgia for the first two years of the war. Confederate forces turned the Union troops back in a bloody battle at Chickamauga. Union forces took over Tybee Island and Fort Pulaski but they limited their efforts to blockade Georgia’s coastal waters. After this battle all eyes turned to Atlanta. After Chattanooga was captured, Union forces kept coming south into Georgia Atlanta wasn’t the largest city yet, nor was it the state capital yet but with its industrial and transportation resources it was the most important target in Georgia. Atlanta shell damage! Fort Pulaski Georgia Soldiers going to battle! Battle at Bull Run Calvary Line Northern Camp – Pay attention to their shelters and the way they were built and how neat the camp is laid out. Richmond, Virginia after the war! Richmond, Virginia destruction! Lookout towers were built to guard against attacks! Dead soldiers at Gettysburg, Pa Dead soldiers Leg being amputated Typical soldiers! Fort Sumter raising the Confederate flag at the beginning of the war. General Sherman speaking to his leaders! Lincoln talking with soldiers Atlanta Campaign Union General William T. Sherman took 112,000 men on a campaign toward Atlanta. Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston had replaced General Bragg but only had 60,000 men. Several battles (Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Allatoona) Johnston was able to slow Sherman down, but Jefferson Davis replaced him with General John Bell Hood. Battle of Atlanta was on July 22, 1864. General Hood evacuated Atlanta (August 1864) Sherman’s troops occupied Atlanta for over 2 months. November 15, 1864 Sherman’s troops set fire to Atlanta. March to the Sea Sherman’s army moved through Georgia 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah burning everything in a path sixty miles wide. They destroyed military targets as well as farms, homes, towns, railroads, bridges and roads ($100 million damage) Why would he do this? Savannah December 22, 1864 Sherman sent a message to Lincoln giving him the city of Savannah with 150 heavy guns, ammunition and 25,000 bales of cotton. Why did Sherman NOT burn Savannah? Overcrowded prisons One of the Confederate prisons for Union soldiers was in Andersonville Andersonville, Georgia. The prison was overpopulated – Not enough food, water, or medical supplies – Most water was contaminated by a poorly placed latrine – Almost 13,000 Union prisoners died here (in only 15 months of operation) – Major Henry Wirz, commander of the prison, tried to improve it, but he was executed in 1865 for “excessive cruelty” America, the land of the free and the home of the brave! THE END!!! http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abp p/battles/GAmap.htm http://sciway3.net/clark/civilwar/m archingthruGA.html