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Investigating The American Civil War GPS SS8H6b We will state the importance of key events of the Civil War to include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia's coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. Map Search 1-Battle of Antietam; 2-Battle of Gettysburg; 3-Battle of Chickamauga; 4-Atlanta Campaign; 5-Andersonville; 6Sherman’s March to the Sea; 7-Battle of Shiloh 8-Seige of Vicksburg; 9-Battle of Chancellorsville 10-Richmond (Capital of Confederacy) 11-Washington D.C. (Capital of Union) 12-Milledgville (Capital of Georgia) ^-^-^-^-^--Union Blockade of the South +++++++Major Railroads of Georgia On Website Civil War Battles Map Atlanta Campaign (May to September 1864) Confederate Railroads How did the Union and the Confederacy Compare with each other? (ADD’L SLIDE) Strengths of each side UNION ► Superior number of population, factories, manufacturing weapons, railroads, etc. ► Out produce in food crops ► Controlled 80% of bank money ► Organized military and technology CONFEDERACY 1. Best Generals (Lee and Jackson) 2. Soldiers more experienced with outdoors, guns, and horses 3. Fighting to protect their homes 4. Patriotic spirit and confidence Georgia in 1861 a. Agriculture: By 1860 there were 68,000 farms in GA. Produced 700,000 bales of cotton in 1860. Only 3,500 farms (5%) were of 500 acres or more. b. Slavery: 460,000 slaves (4 million in South total) Only 236 Georgians owned more than 100 slaves and 60 percent had no slaves at all. Over half of the wealth of Georgia ($400 million) was in the value of slaves as property c. Railroads: 1,226 miles of railroads Main lines were Savannah to Macon to Atlanta; Montgomery, AL to Atlanta to Augusta; Chattanooga to Atlanta 1840s Atlanta first called Terminus (end of line Chattanooga to Chattahoochee River) Military Objectives in 1861 UNION 1. Preserve the Union 2. “Anaconda Plan” a. Divide the Confederacy in two via the Mississippi River b. Capture Richmond c. Capture important transportation centers (Atlanta) and ports d. Union Blockade (nothing coming in or out) CONFEDERACY 1. Maintain Independence!!! 2. Offensive Defense 3. “Cotton Diplomacy” Hope European powers will: a. Break the Northern blockade b. Join the side of the South against the North 4. Test Northern public opinion’s will to fight The Emancipation Proclamation ► Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 ► Battle of Antietam was the victory Lincoln needed to make the proclamation public ► Changed the focus of the war from just “preserving the Union” to Freeing men from slavery!!! Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation Military A. Incentive to stop rebellion B. Use freedmen as soldiers C. Demoralize Confederate leaders and soldiers 1. Diplomatically A. Convince Great Britain and France from joining on side of Confederacy (or) B. Recognizing southern independence 2. Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation C. Morally 1. Bring the nation in line with the principle in the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal” 2. Raised the perception of war from political to moral : not just preserving the Union BUT making men free!! 3. Speed up the inevitable—slavery will end someday, so why not NOW!! 4. Lincoln’s own personal convictions What did it say? “That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall then, thenceforward, and forever free. . .” Or in today’s language –if you are still fighting against the United Sates, you lose your slaves!!!! 1. Slaves would be freed in the states of: Arkansas, Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina 2. Slaves will only be freed in certain part of the states of Louisiana (southern part and New Orleans) and Virginia (western Virginia and by Norfolk) 3. Slavery will remain in the border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and Tennessee Three Contests in 1864 that will decide the War #1 Battles in Virginia U.S. Grant (Lt. General of the Army of the Potomac) Robert E. Lee (General of the Army of Northern Virginia) Three Contests in 1864 which will decide the War #2 Battles in Georgia ► General William T. Sherman (112, 000 soldiers) ► General Joseph E. Johnston (60,000 soldiers) Three Contest in 1864 which will decide the War #3 Election of 1864 Abraham Lincoln (Republican Party) Running for re-election Emancipation Proclamation General George B. McClellan (Northern Democrats or “Copperheads” who opposed the won) Fired by Lincoln twice In Spring of 1864, Grant’s and Sherman’s armies move to defeat the southern armies. Grant’s objective was to defeat Robert E. Lee and capture Richmond Sherman’s objective was to defeat Johnston’s army in Georgia and capture the industrial and railroad center of Atlanta. Abraham Lincoln was running for re-election and needed one of the two southern armies defeated, and Richmond or Atlanta captured. Why? Ex-General George McClellan and Copperheads were feeding off the Northern citizens who were becoming tried of the war!! (Too many killed; Is the Union worth it?) By July 1864 the fate of the Union looked bad!! WHY?? Lee and Grant fought to a tie, and both armies entrenched around St. Petersburg and Richmond, VA Northern public perceived Grant as a “butcher” by sacrificing too many soldiers Robert E. Lee is “unstoppable” and cannot be defeated!! ► In Georgia, Sherman’s and Johnston’s armies fight to a stalemate outside of Atlanta. ► Although outnumbered and out gunned, a. Johnston plays a defensive campaign and refuses to attack b. Forces Sherman to attack and lose men (such as, Kennesaw Mountain where 3,000 died or wounded) c. Burns bridges and blocks roads to slow Sherman’s advance towards Atlanta ► As a result, the Northern public perceives Lincoln’s war strategies as a failure ► The cities of Atlanta and Richmond can never be captured ► The war is going “NO WHERE!!” ► Copperheads and Democrats promise an end to the war, allow the Confederacy their independence, and void the Emancipation Proclamation if McClellan is elected as President to replace Lincoln!!! ► So all the Confederacy has to do is to hold onto their positions and maintain the stalemates outside of Atlanta and Richmond until November’s 1864 Presidential election. BUT—did that happen? NO!! Someone changed all that!! Ironically, the Confederacy’s own President, Jefferson Davis fires Johnston as commander of the southern troops in Georgia Why? 1. Wanted a General who attacked 2. Personality conflict with Johnston Now What? ► ► ► ► ► John Bell Hood, new commander of southern army in GA, leads series of “foolish” and overconfident attack on Sherman’s in July and August 1864. Over 12,000 irreplaceable troops are lost, and eventually had to leave Atlanta on September 1st!! The Consequences Lincoln gets his victory and is re-elected (The war will go on.) South loses an important transportation and industrial center (Cannot supply Lee’s troops in Virginia) Opens the door for Sherman to wage Total War in Georgia Georgia Stories: Battle of Jonesboro Sherman’s March to the Sea: A Tragic Example of Total War In November 15, 1864, General Sherman started out to capture Savannah, GA. He also wanted to wage “total war” on the South (military and civilians). Why? a. Break down what economic and transportation resources the South still had. b. Punish the South for leaving the Union c. Break the spirit of its people and bring war to a quick end. Breaking off all communication with Washington, Sherman lead 65,000 Union troops on a path of destruction on innocent citizens For five weeks, Sherman’s army burnt farms, plantation homes, and confiscated most food supplies. Describe this picture. Who is involved? And what are they doing? His troops left “Sherman sentinels” which were burnt homes with only the chimneys standing They also left “Sherman neckties” which were rails torn up, heated and then wrapped around trees