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Investigating The American Civil War
GPS SS8H6b
We will state the importance of key events of
the Civil War to include Antietam,
Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg,
Chickamauga, the Union blockade of
Georgia's coast, Sherman’s Atlanta
Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea,
and Andersonville.
Map Search
1-Battle of Antietam; 2-Battle of Gettysburg; 3-Battle of
Chickamauga; 4-Atlanta Campaign; 5-Andersonville; 6Sherman’s March to the Sea; 7-Battle of Shiloh
8-Seige of Vicksburg; 9-Battle of Chancellorsville
10-Richmond (Capital of Confederacy)
11-Washington D.C. (Capital of Union)
12-Milledgville (Capital of Georgia)
^-^-^-^-^--Union Blockade of the South
+++++++Major Railroads of Georgia
On Website
Civil
War Battles
Map
Atlanta Campaign (May to September 1864)
Confederate Railroads
How did the Union and the Confederacy
Compare with each other? (ADD’L SLIDE)
Strengths of each side
UNION
► Superior number of
population, factories,
manufacturing
weapons, railroads,
etc.
► Out produce in food
crops
► Controlled 80% of
bank money
► Organized military
and technology
CONFEDERACY
1. Best Generals (Lee
and Jackson)
2. Soldiers more
experienced with
outdoors, guns, and
horses
3. Fighting to protect
their homes
4. Patriotic spirit and
confidence
Georgia in 1861
a. Agriculture: By 1860 there were 68,000 farms in GA.
Produced 700,000 bales of cotton in 1860.
Only 3,500 farms (5%) were of 500 acres or more.
b. Slavery: 460,000 slaves (4 million in South total)
Only 236 Georgians owned more than 100 slaves and 60
percent had no slaves at all.
Over half of the wealth of Georgia ($400 million) was in
the value of slaves as property
c. Railroads: 1,226 miles of railroads
Main lines were Savannah to Macon to Atlanta;
Montgomery, AL to Atlanta to Augusta; Chattanooga to
Atlanta
1840s Atlanta first called Terminus (end of line
Chattanooga to Chattahoochee River)
Military Objectives in 1861
UNION
1. Preserve the Union
2. “Anaconda Plan”
a. Divide the
Confederacy in two via
the Mississippi River
b. Capture Richmond
c. Capture important
transportation centers
(Atlanta) and ports
d. Union Blockade
(nothing coming in or
out)
CONFEDERACY
1. Maintain
Independence!!!
2. Offensive Defense
3. “Cotton Diplomacy”
Hope European powers
will:
a. Break the Northern
blockade
b. Join the side of the
South against the
North
4. Test Northern public
opinion’s will to fight
The Emancipation Proclamation
► Issued
by Abraham Lincoln on September
22, 1862
► Battle of Antietam was the victory Lincoln
needed to make the proclamation public
► Changed the focus of the war from just
“preserving the Union” to
Freeing men from slavery!!!
Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation
Proclamation
Military
A. Incentive to stop rebellion
B. Use freedmen as soldiers
C. Demoralize Confederate leaders and soldiers
1.
Diplomatically
A. Convince Great Britain and France from joining
on side of Confederacy (or)
B. Recognizing southern independence
2.
Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation
Proclamation
C.
Morally
1. Bring the nation in line with the principle in
the Declaration of Independence that “all men
are created equal”
2. Raised the perception of war from political to
moral : not just preserving the Union BUT
making men free!!
3. Speed up the inevitable—slavery will end
someday, so why not NOW!!
4. Lincoln’s own personal convictions
What did it say?
“That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all
persons held as slaves within any State or
designated part of a State the people
whereof shall then be in rebellion against
the United States shall then,
thenceforward, and forever free. . .”
Or in today’s language –if you are still
fighting against the United Sates, you lose
your slaves!!!!
1. Slaves would be freed in the states of: Arkansas,
Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
South Carolina, and North Carolina
2. Slaves will only be freed in certain part of the
states of Louisiana (southern part and New Orleans)
and Virginia (western Virginia and by Norfolk)
3. Slavery will remain in the border states of
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and
Tennessee
Three Contests in 1864 that will decide the
War
#1 Battles in Virginia
U.S. Grant (Lt. General of the
Army of the Potomac)
Robert E. Lee (General
of the Army of
Northern Virginia)
Three Contests in 1864 which will decide the
War
#2 Battles in Georgia
► General William T.
Sherman
(112, 000 soldiers)
► General
Joseph E.
Johnston
(60,000 soldiers)
Three Contest in 1864 which will decide the
War
#3 Election of 1864
Abraham Lincoln
(Republican Party)
Running for re-election
Emancipation Proclamation
General George B.
McClellan
(Northern Democrats or
“Copperheads” who opposed the
won)
Fired by Lincoln twice
In Spring of 1864, Grant’s and Sherman’s armies
move to defeat the southern armies.
Grant’s objective was to defeat Robert E. Lee and
capture Richmond
Sherman’s objective was to defeat Johnston’s army
in Georgia and capture the industrial and railroad
center of Atlanta.
Abraham Lincoln was running for re-election
and needed one of the two southern armies
defeated, and Richmond or Atlanta
captured.
Why?
Ex-General George McClellan and
Copperheads were feeding off the Northern
citizens who were becoming tried of the
war!!
(Too many killed; Is the Union worth it?)
By July 1864
the fate of the Union looked bad!!
WHY??
Lee and Grant fought to a tie, and both
armies entrenched around St. Petersburg
and Richmond, VA
Northern public perceived Grant as a
“butcher” by sacrificing too many soldiers
Robert E. Lee is “unstoppable” and cannot
be defeated!!
► In
Georgia, Sherman’s and Johnston’s armies
fight to a stalemate outside of Atlanta.
► Although outnumbered and out gunned,
a. Johnston plays a defensive campaign and
refuses to attack
b. Forces Sherman to attack and lose men (such
as, Kennesaw Mountain where 3,000 died or
wounded)
c. Burns bridges and blocks roads to slow
Sherman’s advance towards Atlanta
► As
a result, the Northern public perceives
Lincoln’s war strategies as a failure
► The cities of Atlanta and Richmond can
never be captured
► The war is going “NO WHERE!!”
► Copperheads and Democrats promise an
end to the war, allow the Confederacy
their independence, and void the
Emancipation Proclamation if McClellan is
elected as President to replace Lincoln!!!
► So
all the Confederacy has to do is to hold
onto their positions and maintain the
stalemates outside of Atlanta and
Richmond until November’s 1864
Presidential election.
BUT—did that happen?
NO!! Someone changed all that!!
Ironically, the
Confederacy’s own
President, Jefferson
Davis fires Johnston
as commander of the
southern troops in
Georgia
Why?
1. Wanted a General
who attacked
2. Personality conflict
with Johnston
Now What?
►
►
►
►
►
John Bell Hood, new commander of southern army in GA,
leads series of “foolish” and overconfident attack on
Sherman’s in July and August 1864.
Over 12,000 irreplaceable troops are lost, and eventually
had to leave Atlanta on September 1st!!
The Consequences
Lincoln gets his victory and is re-elected (The war will go
on.)
South loses an important transportation and industrial
center (Cannot supply Lee’s troops in Virginia)
Opens the door for Sherman to wage Total War in
Georgia
Georgia Stories: Battle of Jonesboro
Sherman’s March to the Sea:
A Tragic Example of Total War
In November 15, 1864, General Sherman started out to capture
Savannah, GA.
He also wanted to wage “total war” on the South (military and civilians).
Why?
a. Break down what economic and transportation resources the South
still had.
b. Punish the South for leaving the Union
c. Break the spirit of its people and bring war to a quick end.
Breaking off all communication with Washington, Sherman lead 65,000
Union troops on a path of destruction on innocent citizens
For five weeks, Sherman’s army burnt farms, plantation homes, and confiscated
most food supplies.
Describe this picture. Who is involved? And what
are they doing?
His troops left “Sherman sentinels”
which were burnt homes with only the
chimneys standing
They also left “Sherman neckties” which
were rails torn up, heated and then wrapped
around trees