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Chapter 19 DRIFTING TOWARD DISUNION MID-19TH CENTURY POLITICAL PARTIES Know-Nothing Party Formed in opposition to Irish immigration during the 1840s Most members were factory workers in the eastern cities who were losing jobs to the Irish, who would work for lower wages Based on the idea of Nativism The belief that native-born Americans were somehow superior to immigrants. 19TH CENTURY POLITICAL PARTIES The Free-Soil Party Formed after the Mexican cession The main objective was to stop the spread of slavery into the western territories. (Not anti-slavery, just against the spread of slavery) 19TH CENTURY POLITICAL PARTY The Republican Party Formed as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act Comprised of former freesoilers, northern democrats and abolitionists. Almost all support for the Republicans came from the North. Tried to stop the spread of slavery into the west. THE GREAT DEBATE: LINCOLN VERSUS DOUGLAS Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates The "Lincoln-Douglas debates" were a series of seven debates spread across Illinois. Lincoln proved that he could stand and argue toe-to-toe with Douglas. THE FREEPORT DEBATE The most noteworthy debate took place at Freeport, IL. Lincoln asked, “Mr. Douglas, if the people of a territory voted slavery down, despite the Supreme Court saying that they could not do so (point #2 of the Dred Scott decision), which side would you support, the people or the Supreme Court?” Douglas (“Mr. Popular Sovereignty”) replied with his “Freeport Doctrine.” …”since ultimate power was held by the people, slavery should be banned if the people indeed voted it down, regardless of how the Supreme Court ruled.” DOUGLAS WINS THE BATTLE, BUT LOSES THE WAR Douglas won the Illinois Senate race over Lincoln. BUT the South turned against Douglas because of his response at the Freeport Debate The Lincoln-Douglas debates also solidified the political platforms for the Northern Democrats and the Republicans leading up to the 1860 election. JOHN BROWN: MURDERER OR MARTYR? John Brown re-emerged in Harper's Ferry, Virginia His plan: 1. 2. 3. to take over the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry pass out weapons to local slaves initiate a huge slave revolt, and thus free the slaves. WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED The Results of John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry He and his men took over a building but were quickly surrounded and overwhelmed by the U.S. Marines, led by Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee. John Brown was captured, tried, convicted, sentenced to death, and hanged. BROWN’S LEGEND Brown's death had a strong impact on the North and South. To the South, justice had been served to a murderer and terrorist. In the North, many influential abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison, galvanized Brown as a martyr and a hero. True or not, the martyr image gave strength to the moral cause of abolition. THE 1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln Support came from free-soilers (stopping slavery's expansion) manufacturers (a higher tariff) immigrants (civil rights) westerners (a Northwestern railroad) farmers (cheap homesteading land). Lincoln was not an abolitionist, just a free-soiler. he wanted to stop the spread of slavery, but allow it where it currently existed. THE ELECTORAL UPHEAVAL OF 1860 Lincoln got only 40% of the popular vote, yet he won the presidency It was a very sectional election: the North went to Lincoln the South to Breckinridge (Southern Dem) the “middle-ground” went to Bell Missouri went to Douglas (Northern Dem) THE SOUTH STANDS STRONG Despite the presidency no belonging to the Republicans: The South had a 5-to-4 majority in the Supreme Court. The Democrats controlled both houses of Congress by a large margin. THE SECESSIONIST EXODUS During the campaign South Carolina had pledged to secede from the union if Lincoln won. S.C. seceded in December of 1860. The "Deep South" (Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) followed over the next six weeks Four other Southern states would leave the U.S. later. THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA The seceded states met in Montgomery, AL in February, 1861, and formed the "Confederate States of America". Jefferson Davis was elected as the president of the C.S.A. THE LAME DUCK BUCHANAN President Buchanan's actions (or inactions) during the secession were weak. He did little or nothing to stop the states from leaving the U.S. He is consistently rated as our worst president FAREWELL TO UNION The Southern states seceded because they felt their slave-based way-of-life was being threatened 1. 2. Southerners felt starting a new nation would enable them to mature economically—to grow their own industry, banking, shipping, etc. The South likened their situation to the American colonies of 1776 who broke away from England. THE MENACE OF SECESSION By the time Lincoln was inaugurated in 1861, seven states had already seceded Lincoln claimed secession was geographically impractical because there was no natural boundary separating North from South. European powers liked the secession because the U.S. would be easier to divide and conquer. SOUTH CAROLINA ASSAILS FT. SUMTER Ft. Sumter (Charleston S.C.) A Union controlled military fort in Confederate territory Needed Lincoln Send supplies for the soldiers inside had to make a decision supplies and risk war, or let Fort Sumter fall to the South without any fight. LINCOLN’S DECISION April, 1861 Lincoln Sumter decided to send provisions to the men in Ft. The south saw the move by Lincoln as an act of aggression and attacked the Fort on The result 1. 2. The attack on Fort Sumter was the official start of the Civil War. Lincoln now had his reason to use force against the South. BROTHERS’ BLOOD AND BORDER BLOOD After the attack on Ft. Sumter Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee also seceded from the Union (bringing the Confederate states to 11) Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland (and later W. Virginia) became the “border states” The only pro-slave states to remain in the Union.