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Illinois History Slavery and Black Codes in Illinois through Illinois in the Civil War Slavery and Black Codes in Illinois The First Slaves • The 1st slaves in IL were brought in by the French. • Most were brought in to work in the lead mines in the northwest part of the state. Two Types of Slaves • Those who had no say in their bondage. • Those who signed up for the work. – Indentured servants – Usually a 7 year contract The Ordinance of 1787 • States from the Northwest Territory will be free states. • But many of the people moving into IL. were from Kentucky and brought their slaves with them. • Many wanted IL to be developed as a slave state. Slaves and Salt • The Govt. salt mines were mainly manned by slaves & the fear was that their removal would hurt the state’s economy. • As many as 2,000 slaves worked in the salt mines. Compromise • To prevent the closing of the salt mines a deal was struck. • No new slaves allowed • Existing slaves were not freed • Indentured servants would finish out their contracts – Their children are freed at age 21 1819 Black Codes • Freed men had to carry papers proving their freedom. • Register at the county seat • Southern slave agents would frequently come to IL and kidnap blacks & sell them in the South. Codes • Illegal for Whites to hire Blacks that did not have a certificate. – $1.50 fine a day • Illegal to bring slaves to IL in order to free them. – $200.00 fine per slave Governor Coles • • • • Former slave owner from Virginia Abolitionist Won the governorship by 50 votes His Lt. Gov. and both houses of the Gen. Assembly were controlled by pro-slavery people. • Both houses passed a resolution for the people to vote on a Const. Convention Vote on Convention • The hope was a Const. Convention would open the door for IL to become a slave state. • Coles financed the campaign to educate Illinoisans about the immorality and cruelty of slavery. • The proposal was defeated 6,640 to 4,972. NO SLAVERY IN IL. The First Martyr • The slave issue died down until Elijah P. Lovejoy moved to Alton and began printing anti-slavery articles. • On the night of Nov. 7, 1837, Lovejoy was killed. • This brought the slave issue back to the attention of everyone. 1853 Black Codes • A new set of Black Codes were enacted • The harshest in any of the free states • Slave owners could not move to IL if they were planning on freeing their slaves. • Blacks could not come to IL to live. • Punishment for Blacks fine or servitude • Punishment for Whites fines & imprisonment The Underground Railroad • Network of people working together to help runaway slaves reach the North – Final destination was Canada • Used many rail road terms to describe parts & positions- Underground Railroad Routes Harriet Tubman • Black Moses • Like Moses she led her people to freedom • $40,000 reward for her capture • Ruthless / No turning back • 1896, she founded the National Association of Colored Women- Henry Box Brown John Jones • Freed man living in Chicago trying to end the Black Codes in IL. • 1871 he became the first Black to be elected as Cook Co. Commissioner. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates The Major Issue • In the mid 1800s, slavery was the hot issue • Illinois was divided into 2 camps • North opposed slavery • South or Egypt was in line with the Southern states and in favor of slavery. Debates • Abraham Lincoln a Whig turned Republican was challenging Stephen Douglas a Democrat for the IL Senate position. • They traveled around IL giving speeches and debating each other Stephen A. Douglas • Little Giant • 5’4” • Trying to straddle the fence on the issue of slavery. – Appease the Democrats in the North & South • Introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. – Ended the Missouri Comp. of 1820. – Let the states decide on the issue of slavery. Abraham Lincoln • Rail Splitter • 6’4” • Opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act – A way to expand slavery • The Whigs failed to be a strong voice of opposition to the K-N Act. This led to Lincoln becoming a Republican. – Republicans formed as a group opposed to slavery. Debates • The debates between Douglas & Lincoln were in Ottawa, Freeport, Jonesboro, Charleston, Galesburg, Quincy, & Alton. • Lincoln consistently stuck to his view that slavery was wrong. • Douglas straddled the fence trying to appease both southern & northern Democrats by saying the people should decide. Lincoln-Douglas • June 16, 1858, during the IL. Senatorial debates Lincoln shocked the state & country by stating, “I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” • The bar is being raised The Election in 1858 • Lincoln won the popular vote but the General Assembly chose Douglas to continue on as the state’s Senator. • Even though Douglas won, many Democrats were not happy with the views of Douglas. • 2 years later Lincoln & Douglas vie for the Presidency. Bleeding Kansas • The idea that the people would decide on the issue of slavery caused considerable conflicts within Kansas Btw. Pro & Anti slave groups. – John Brown was a leading abolitionist in Kansas John Brown • John Brown retaliated against pro-slavery people, killing five • As a result, raids were made against abolitionists • Bleeding Kansas described the debate over the slavery issue The Presidential Election of 1860 • The election became a 4 way race with the Democrats divide by region. The Election of 1860 • Republican Nominee was Abraham Lincoln The Election of 1860 • Constitutional Union Nominee was John Bell The Election of 1860 • Democrats were divided Northern Dem. Nominee was Stephen Douglas Southern Dem. Nominee was John Breckinridge The Election of 1860 • Northern voters split their votes between Douglas and Lincoln • Southern voters split their votes between Breckinridge and Bell Lincoln wins with 180 Electoral Votes. • 40% of the Northern votes • Only 5,000 votes in S. IL. • Almost no support from Southern voters Moving Toward WAR! • Southerners were angry at the idea of a Republican President • Southerners felt they had no control over the Federal Government • Planters that backed slavery threatened to leave the Union – Secessionists said each state entered the Union voluntarily, and they could leave it also SECESSION • South Carolina secedes in December 1860 • States of the Lower South secede also – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia • February 1861 southern delegates met in Montgomery, Alabama – Formed the Confederate States of America The Civil War • As the Southern states left the Union, many in southern IL. looked at separating & creating a new state (Egypt). Lincoln’s Inauguration • Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861 The Attack on Fort Sumter • April 12, 1861 Confederates fire on Fort Sumter – Commanded by Robert Anderson • 24 hours later the fort is surrendered • Lincoln calls for volunteers to help put down the rebellion Results of the Call to stop the Rebellion • The upper South responds to Lincoln’s call for volunteers by seceding also • The Upper South included: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas Fort Sumter Manassas / The First Bull Run • July of 1861 • First major battle of the civil war • Union army tried to march to Richmond, Virginia • Many civilians followed the Union troops as they marched south Results of the First Bull Run • The Union forces were beaten by the fresh Confederate troops • The Union retreated (ran for their lives) right through the picnicking civilians • 5,000 soldiers were killed in the battle Trouble In The North • The Democrats in the North that supported the South were known as Copperheads. – Many times they would try to sabotage Union efforts. • The Copperheads were continuously calling for an end to the war. • Tried to undermine Lincoln’s efforts for victory. Illinois • Industry increased to meet the demands of the Union Army. • Farmers met the needs of both the Union Army & Europeans John A. Logan • Logan was one of the IL. Congressmen who had followed the Union troops to watch the battle. – Private retreating • Logan was given a commission as a Colonel in the Union Army. • Sent to Marion to recruit volunteers to fight. Logan • Logan went on to fight in the Western campaigns. – Belmont – Fort Donelson • Wounded & thought to be dead in the battle for Fort Donelson. – Given the rank of Brigadier General Logan Cont’d. • Later Logan was promoted to Major General (2 stars) • He was a powerful figure on the battlefield while sitting on his horse Slasher. • At the end of the war he was offered a brigadier general position with the Army. • Campaigned for Lincoln’s re-election in 1864. Ulysses S. Grant • Born in Point Pleasant, Ohio. • Entered West Point at age 17. – Name was changed in W.P. • Settled in IL after the end of the Mexican War. • He rejoined the Army after Lincoln called for volunteers Grant • Given the position of the assistant quartermaster of the IL regiments. • Later promoted to brigadier general – In charge of the troops in Cairo • Grant led the Union forces in the Western Campaign • Later placed in charge of trying to take Richmond. The Emancipation Proclamation • Passed in September 1862 • Took effect January 1, 1863 • Freed slaves in areas of open rebellion Problems With the Emancipation Proclamation • It affected the slaves that were in states of open rebellion • These states did not recognize the laws of the United States anymore • The slaves could flee to areas held by Union troops to be considered Contraband Slaves as Contraband • Slaves who became contraband were seen as property of the Union – Then the Union would then declare they were free • 85% of the slaves who were freed stayed with Union troops to fight in the war Lee Surrenders • April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia – McLean House surrender site Lincoln’s Assassination • April 14, 1865 Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth – Ford’s Theater • April 15, 1865 Lincoln dies No More Slavery. • The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the U.S. • Illinois was the 1st state to ratify the new amendment. The Cost • 259,000 Illinoisans had fought in the war. • 35,000 had died w/. the last being Lincoln.