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Chapter 14 APUSH Mrs. Price “I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crises. The great point is to bring them the real facts.” - Abraham Lincoln Secession! South Carolina: December 20, 1860 President Buchanan: SC can’t leave but govt has no authority to stop them 6 more leave from December to April: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX Feb 1861: Confederate States of America formed Crittenden Compromise: last ditch effort to keep states in union Pres. Lincoln: Union is older than Constitution, no state can leave union Fort Sumter seized (April 12-13, 1861) 4 more leave (VA, AR, TN, NC) Fort Sumter, SC Anderson (N) vs. Beauregard (S) Only casualty: a horse Strengths & Weaknesses of the Union vs. the Confederacy Union: More People Union: Better Transportation System 66% of railroad track miles Lines more integrated Union: More Industrial Capacity Other Union Advantages More farms - 67% Better navy More wealth produced - 75% Union Disadvantages Fighting on unfamiliar land Long lines of communication Hostile local populations Public opinion divided Confederate Advantages Strong local support Familiar with territory Strong trade relationship with England & France Good generals Trained soldiers Confederate Disadvantages Few people - 39% Little industry - 19% of factories - had to rely on imports Poor Transportation System Wartime Politics: The Union Lincoln enlarged power of president Suppressed opposition - Military arrests of civilians - Suspended right of habeas corpus Wartime Politics: The Confederacy Jefferson Davis was a weaker leader Too focused on details Financing the War Union: taxes (including income), issued paper currency, borrowing Confederacy: issued paper currency = high inflation, income tax, money from states Inflation in the South Soldiers: The Union Over 2 million At 1st volunteers 1863: conscription law (46,000 drafted) Exemptions caused oppositions & riots NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) Soldiers: The Confederacy 900,000 1st volunteers April 1862: Conscription Act – many exemptions Also used slave labor Faced manpower shortage in 1864 Women & the Civil War Filled positions vacated by men Critical in nursing (US Sanitary Commission) Challenged gender stereotypes in North & especially in South African Americans in the Civil War Enlisted in Union Army; 10% by end of war Paid less Most assigned menial tasks Some black fighting units (54th Massachusetts Infantry) South refused to recognize black Union soldiers – captured they were sent back to slavery or executed Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN April 12, 1864 After Union troops surrendered, Confederates killed over 200 black Union soldiers and some whites Slavery & the War Divided Republican Party - Radicals: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Summer, Benjamin Wade; wanted to use war to abolish slavery immediately - Conservatives: favored a slower, more gradual process of emancipation Slavery & the War 1861 Confiscation Act: declared all slaves used in support of the military effort would be considered free 1862: Slavery is abolished in DC & western territories Sept 1862: Lincoln announces his intention to issue Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863 Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1, 1863 Declares “forever free” slaves in areas in rebellion Didn’t apply to border states Now war was being fought over slavery, not just to preserve the union Prevented England from aiding Confederacy New Technologies Repeating weapons (rifle, machine gun) Minie ball: new bullet Changed how soldiers fought (trench warfare) Ironclad ships – end to wooden navies Strategy: The Union The Anaconda Plan 3 Parts: 1. Blockade Southern ports 2. Capture the Mississippi to split Confederacy in two 3. Capture Confederate capital (Richmond, VA) Strategy: The Confederacy Mostly defensive Invade the Union if possible Try to get the Border states to secede Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George McClellan, Again! The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Major Battles of the Civil War st 1 Battle of Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 McDowell(N) vs. Beauregard/Johnston(S) Union retreat Had psychological & political impact Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861 Wilson’s Creek August 10, 1861 Secessionist forces in MO vs. Union Union loss but seriously weakened confederate cause in MO and allowed the Union to hold onto the state Shiloh April 6 - 7, 1862 in TN Grant (N) vs. Johnston (S) Union: 1,754 killed; 8,408 wounded; 2,885 captured Confederates: 1,723 killed; 8,012 wounded; 959 missing Union Victory New Orleans April 26, 1862 Union captures city David Farragut Closed mouth of Mississippi River to Confederate trade = now South could not support its troops in west City was largest & a banking center nd 2 Battle of Bull Run August 29, 1862 Pope (N) vs. Lee & Jackson (S) Confederate win Antietam September 17, 1862 McClellan (N) vs. Lee (S) Copy of Lee’s orders found by Union Single bloodiest day of the war Chancellorsville May 1-5, 1863 Hooker (N) vs. Lee/Jackson (S) Union retreat Stonewall Jackson killed Siege of Vicksburg May 22 – July 4, 1863 Surrendered to Grant (N) Key region for control of Mississippi River Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Began when a Confederate Infantry Brigade marching eastward in search of shoes clashed with 2 Union cavalry brigades Meade (N) vs. Lee (S) Union win Heavy casualties Stopped Confederate invasion of North The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg Casualties Sherman’s March to the Sea Sept 1864: captured and burned Atlanta Marched through GA to Savannah 60,000 men cut a 60 mile wide path – destroyed everything Turned North and went through SC & NC Sherman’s “March to the Sea” Election of 1864 Republicans & War Democrats = formed Union Party Union: Lincoln & Andrew Johnson Democrat: George McClellan Union victories turned tide of election Union Troops Capture Richmond Appomattox Court House: April 9, 1865 Atrocities of the War: POW Camps Most notorious: Andersonville in GA Planned to hold 10,000 men Had over 32,000 at one time Out of 45,000 that passed through almost 13,000 died Commander of prison Captain Henry Wirz was only person convicted of war crimes; sentenced to death after war Union POW camps were no better Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA Union “Survivors” Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars The Civil War in Missouri Time line of Major MO Events May 10, 1861: St. Louis Massacre May 11, 1861: Creation of Missouri State Guard (pro-Confederate) June 17, 1861: Battle of Boonville July 30, 1861: Governor Jackson removed and Hamilton Gamble put in power August 10, 1861: Battle of Wilson’s Creek October 25, 1861: 1st Battle of Springfield November 7, 1861: Battle of Belmont Feb 28 – April 8, 1862: Battle of New Madrid Jan 8, 1863: 2nd Battle of Springfield April 26, 1863: Battle of Cape Girardeau Sept 27, 1864: Battle of Pilot Knob Oct 23, 1864: Battle of Westport Quantrill’s Raiders Interesting MO Civil War Facts In 1860 there were 114,930 slaves in MO (9.75 %) Missouri sent more men to war per capita than any other state. Total number of MO soldiers: 199,111. About 27,000 Missourians were killed during the war (military & civilian) Missouri had two state governments for a short period of time – one pro-Union & one pro-Confederate. Confederate States of America Congress admitted MO to membership in Nov 1861. During the war Jefferson Barracks had one of the largest Union hospitals in the US with over 3,000 beds MO had so many battles & skirmishes that it ranks as the 3rd most fought over state in the nation. MO abolished slavery in 1865 before the 13th amendment was ratified.