Download Civil War - ChurchillHistory

Civil War
Why was it so bad?
War
• Is war good or bad?
• Take a side and explain your opinion.
How do you know who will win?
VS
Read
• Read your section and fill in any strengths
or weaknesses that you can find.
• Show me when you are done.
North = the Union
Strengths
Weaknesses
• Abraham Lincoln: strong
leader
• Population (4x as many
people)
• Economy:
– Factories: make guns,
ammunition, uniforms,
shoes, etc.
– Supplies: much more
than the South.
• Farms: not a part of the war
(Midwest)-food for troops
• Trains and canals: supply
the army easily
• Navy – world class navy and
the Confederacy had none =
blockade!
• Overconfidence: 90 days!
• Military leaders: first choices
for leadership all southerners.
Other officers = failures.
• Offense: Had to take over the
South!
• Border states: MO, KY, MD,
and DE had slaves – many
people there were against the
war
• Supply lines: long and hard
to defend.
• Fighting in the South: away
from home = always bad!
• “Copperheads:” people in
the North against the war.
South = The Confederacy
Strengths
Weaknesses
• Military Leaders: Robert E.
Lee, Stonewall Jackson,
J.E.B. Stuart, etc!
– Military colleges in the
South = trained and
experienced
• Home War Advantage:
• Motivation: something to
fight for (independence =
risking their lives and freedom
to fight)
• Defensive war: easier to
defend than attack.
• Geography = knew the land
and where to
go/hide/shortcuts
• Overconfidence: it would take only
a couple of cannon shots
• Small population: (30% + slaves)
• Economy: Plantation economy with
rivers for transportation.
• Needed the North and Europe
• Few factories: could not produce
for war.
• Few railroads: slow moving!
• Government: Conservative South
formed a Confederacy (too weak).
– States too much power.
– Same weaknesses as A of C
• Slaves: Slowed or even refused to
work.
– Emancipation Proclamation
(1863): over ¼ of the slaves fled
the South.
Test Question:
• What was an advantage of the Union in
the Civil War?
a. Strong military leaders
b. Fighting at home
c. Robert E. Lee
d. Population
Test Question:
• What was an advantage of the
Confederacy in the Civil War?
a. Strong military leaders
b. Factories and supplies
c. Government
d. Population
Now you tell me!
• Answer the Assessment Questions
Use your strengths and weaknesses to come up with a plan to win
the war!
War Plans
• What were the
plans for war?
North: “Anaconda Plan”
• Blockade = stop things from
coming in/out
• Seize capitol city Richmond,
VA
• Take control of the
Mississippi River
South:
• Defense = Make the North
tired of fighting.
• Get Britain or France to help
First Battle of Bull Run
• How did the real
fighting begin?
Hundreds of Washingtonians
rode out to watch the battle.
They had no idea what they
would be getting into.
• July 1861: Union troops
marched on the Confederate
capitol (Richmond)
• Armies fought at Bull Run.
• Confederates won the battle
led by “Stonewall” Jackson
• Important: war would be
long and bloody (just like
Bunker Hill in the Revolution)
The Civil War
What happened after
the first major battle of
the Civil War?
• The Union had many bad
generals (McClellan)
• The Confederacy won
most battles early in the
War (Robert E. Lee).
“The Peninsula Campaign”
McClellan had
the numbers,
supplies, and
trained men to
take Richmond
but he was too
paranoid to move
quickly!
He was even so
afraid of Quaker
Guns (fake guns)
that he often
allowed southern
armies to get
away.
Battle of Antietam
• What happened after the • Aug. 1862: Confederates won
Union’s attacks on the
the Second Battle of Bull Run
South failed?
• Sept: Lee attacked the North
• The Union found out his plan
• Armies met near Antietam
Creek in MD
• Battle of Antietam lasted all
day
• Bloodiest and deadliest single
day in US history.
• Confederates retreated at
night.
McClellan would only use some of his troops in his battle. He
was too afraid of losing to risk it. After the battle he refused to
chase the rebels = This was the last straw for Lincoln.
What were the results of Antietam?
• Lee retreated south
• McClellan was fired
• Looked like the North won =
people felt better about the
war
• Lincoln used the “victory” to
announce the
Emancipation
Proclamation.
Ambrose Burnside was not a
capable leader either. But he did
give us a great fashion trend!
Emancipation Proclamation
• What was it?
• Announcement that
all slaves in states
that were “in
rebellion” =
Confederacy would
be free
• Goal: get support for
abolition and help
the Union win the
war
Why Emancipate?
• Why did Lincoln • To hurt the South
issue the
– Emancipation encouraged
Emancipation
slaves to run away, slow down,
Proclamation?
or refuse to work.
• Keep Europe out of the war
• Introduce freedom for slaves
slowly because many were still
against it.
• Lincoln believed slavery was
wrong
• After a victory = made it look
better than after a loss
Emancipation
• Why was
emancipation
important?
• No slaves were actually freed
• Changed purpose of the war =
end slavery
• Got support in Europe =
stopped them from helping the
South
• Led to African Americans
helping the North
• First as workers eventually as
soldiers (Massachusetts 54th =
Glory)
• Slaves slowed work, ran away,
or rebelled = running to the
Union troops
Test Question:
• What was the Union plan at the start of the
war?
a. Anaconda Plan
b. Capture Richmond, VA
c. Blockade and control the Mississippi
River
d. All of the above
Test Question:
• What was the first major battle of the Civil
War?
a. Antietam
b. Gettysburg
c. Vicksburg
d. Bull Run
Test Question:
• Why was the Battle of Antietam important?
a. It showed the war would be long and hard
b. It was a turning point
c. Lincoln decided to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation
d. It was the last battle
Test Question:
• Why was the Emancipation Proclamation
important?
a. It freed all slaves
b. It stopped Britain and France from
helping the South
c. It stopped African Americans from
helping
d. All of the above
So how did the Union win the war?
How did the Union win the War?
3. Southern
economy
collapsed
4. New leadership
5. Total war
6. Too many
advantages!
1. Won the war in the west
2. Won important turning
point battles.
Why were things different here?
1.The West = Same time different result!
• Why was the war in the
West different?
• Goal: control
Mississippi River =
big not just one
place to defend.
• Union had better
leaders there!
War in the West
• Army won important
battles to support.
• Led by Ulysses S.
Grant
• Could use the Navy
captured Memphis
and New Orleans =
The Union controlled
the ends of the
Mississippi River
2. Turning Points
• West = Siege of Vicksburg
•Grant attacked the city from
behind its defenses!
• Laid siege to the
city for 6 weeks!
• Confederates
surrendered on
July 4th 1863
• With navy
victories = the
Union
controlled the
river!
• Confederacy
split in two!
2. Turning Points
• East = Gettysburg
Pickett’s charge was a desperate attempt to
win the battle = but it failed and may have
cost the Confederacy the war
• Lee attacked the North
• Hoped to end the war
by taking Washington
• Northern army got the
high ground on the
battlefield
• South had to attack!
• 3 days long
• Union never gave up
and won!
Importance
• Confederacy never
recovered from losses
at Gettysburg
• Victory got support for
the war in the North
• Proved Lee could be
defeated
• Lincoln’s speech =
Gettysburg Address
became most famous
by a president =
“Profound statement of
American ideals”
3. Southern Economy
Compare prices to money
supply
Compare prices to real
wages
Table 4:
Indices of Prices and Real Wages During the Civil War
(1860=100)
Union
Confederate
Year
Prices
Real
Wages
Prices
Real
Wages
1860
100
100
100
100
1861
101
100
121
86
1862
113
93
388
35
1863
139
84
1,452
19
1864
176
77
3,992
11
1865
175
82
3. Southern Economy
• Destroyed by war
• Had relied on the North
and Britain
• Too much money printed =
inflation
• Britain bought cotton from
other places
• Union blockade meant the
people did not have
enough food and supplies
• Farms changed from
plantations to food crops
4. New Leadership
• After Gettysburg
Lincoln chose U.S.
Grant as commander
of all Union forces
• Grant chose William
Tecumseh Sherman
to lead in the west.
• Plan: total war
against the South and
attack two places at
the same time
5. Total War
• Total War = destroy anything
that could be useful to the
South (include civilians)
• Gen. Philip Sheridan went
into VA’s Shenandoah Valley
and destroyed farms and
killed livestock
• Sherman attacked from the
west and captured/burned
Atlanta
• Then he marched to the sea
burning and destroying
everything he encountered.
5. Total War
• Grant used his
advantages and
attacked over and
over again.
• Lost 60,000 men in
one month at
(Wilderness,
Spotsylvania, and
Cold Harbor) but kept
attacking.
• He knew he could get
new soldiers and Lee
could not!
So how did the Union win the war?
6. Too many advantages
• North: more people,
resources, supplies, better
transportation etc.
• Blockade strangled the
southern economy
• Emancipation stopped
European nations from
helping the South. It also
encouraged slaves to run
away
• Lincoln re-elected: people
wanted to finish the war (not
ask for peace)
War Ends
• Lee dug his troops in at
Petersburg VA
• Hoped Lincoln would
lose his election
• Lincoln re-elected =
shows nation’s support
• Grant laid siege for 9
months
• Petersburg fell in April of
1865 (Richmond too)
War Ends
• Lee and his army trapped
at Appomattox Court
House.
• April 9, 1865 Lee
surrendered = war over!
Results of the Civil War
• Lost generation of men
= over 600,000 dead
• War cost $20 billion
• South would be rebuilt
= Reconstruction
• National Government
Power wins over state
• Slavery over
(discrimination
remained)
• Republicans in power
Lincoln’s Reconstruction (1865)
• What was
Lincoln’s
Plan?
• “The 10 Percent Plan”
• 10% or more of voters had to
swear allegiance to the United
States
• States would have to abolish
slavery.
• Gave amnesty or (forgiveness) to
Confederates but not to former
Confederate leaders.
• Freedmen’s Bureau – would help
freed slaves (only part to happen)
• Didn’t happen because Lincoln
was assassinated
Johnson’s Reconstruction (1865-67)
• What was Andrew
Johnson’s plan for
Reconstruction?
• What was the
result?
• Johnson’s Plan:
– Majority of a state’s
voters had to pledge
loyalty to the Union
– Each state had to ratify the
13th Amendment ending
slavery
• Southern states quickly
elected old leaders
• Started passing Black
Codes to limit rights of freed
slaves
What’s going on here?
Congress Takes Control
• How did Congress react • Republicans refused to
to Johnson’s Plan?
let Southerners take
seats in Congress
• Formed their own
Reconstruction
Committee
• Angry about Black
Codes and the
violence against the
freed slaves
Radical Reconstruction (1867-77)
• What was
Congress’s
Plan
• Radical Reconstruction - Forced the
South to reform:
– Civil Rights Act gave all African
Americans citizenship
– States needed new constitutions
and ratify the 13th, 14th, and 15th
Amendments:
• End slavery, citizenship and
protection, and to guarantee all
males the right to vote.
– No Confederates could have any
power or office
– Divided South into 5 Military Districts.
What happened during Reconstruction?
• Johnson impeached but (not removed) because he
refused to cooperate with Radical Reconstruction
• Ulysses S. Grant was elected president in 1868
(and again in 1872).
• Scalawags (Southerners who supported
Republicans) and Carpetbaggers (Northerners who
moved South to get jobs, help freed slaves, etc)
became hated in the South.
• African Americans were elected to the US
Congress
• Most freed slaves went back to work as
sharecroppers.
Southerners and Reconstruction
• How did Southerners
react to Radicals
Reconstruction?
• Conservatives in the
South fought against it
• Groups like the KKK were
formed – scared many
from voting and speaking
out.
• People were mad about
taxes and corruption.
• Wanted to end Radical
Reconstruction somehow!
Reconstruction Ends
• How did
Reconstruction
come to an end?
• Republicans’ reputation was hurt
by corruption and scandal
• The North grew tired of trying to
force the South to change
• Amnesty Act (1872): rights to
nearly all white southerners
• Election of 1876 – Hayes (Rep)
vs. Tilden (Dem): Election was
too close
• Congress gave those votes to
Hayes = Compromise of 1877:
– Hayes became president and
the Republicans agreed to
end Reconstruction
Results of Reconstruction
• What were the results?
• Black southerners had rights
taken away:
– Poll taxes – high tax to be paid
in order to vote
– Grandfather clause – said
grandfather had to be eligible to
vote in 1867
– Literacy tests – difficult tests
that had to be passed to vote
– Jim Crow Laws created
segregation
• South began to develop
industry and move forward.