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Chapter 14 The Civil War The Deep South leaves the Union South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Dec 20 Jan 9 Jan 10 Jan 11 Jan 19 Jan 26 Feb 1 President Vice President Jefferson Davis Alexander Stephens No state has the right to secede, but I have no authority to stop them Crittenden’s Compromise Amendment to guarantee slavery south of 36 ° 30’ For all future territorial gains Rejected by Republicans Confederates want all Federal property within their borders Two places they haven’t gotten: Fort Pickens - Pensacola Fort Sumter – South Carolina Lincoln needs to get supplies to fort-will send only food South’s problem: Allow food & look like they are giving in Stop it & start war Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 Charleston Harbor P.G.T. Beauregard Robert Anderson Abner Doubleday Theories on Civil War *Charles Beard nd 2 American Revolution *James Randall The Blundering Generation North South Population 61% 39% RR mileage 66% 34% 67% 33% Farms Wealth Produces 75% 25% Factories 81% 19% The North Produces: 32 times amount of Firearms 20 times Pig Iron 13 times Sheet Iron 11 times Ships 30 times Shoes/Boots 24 times Locomotives ADVANTAGES North *More !!! *Established government South *Military Background *fight Defensive *Didn’t have to win How the North paid for the War *Taxes – 1st income tax *Greenbacks – not backed by gold/silver 64 - 39% of gold 65 – 67% *Loans – bonds private $400 m Banks $2.6 b How the South paid for the War *Taxes – only 5% *Printed Money At start 90% of gold 1863 6% 1865 < 1% Inflation 1863 $1 lb 1865 meat $5 $50 barrel flour $1000 Confederate private $11 per month Manpower At start of war US Army has 16,000 men Congress calls for 500,000 volunteers for 3 years Some state units select officers By 1863 North is forced to go to a draft Could hire a sub or pay $300 North will have 2 million in uniform New York Draft Riots July 1863 ~100 killed South will switch to draft in 1862 All white males 18-35 for 3 years Could also buy way out Have 900,000 serve Transition to Modern War *Use of Railroad & Telegraph *Use of factories & transition to war economy *Rifle changes tactics Enfield P53 Rifle Sharp’s 1859 Rifle 80 yards Musket 300 yards Rifle Henry Carbine Spencer Carbine Strategy KING KingCOTTON Cotton Anaconda Plan *blockade the coast *control Mississippi River *capture key points War in the East Lincoln has to pick a commander Winfield Scott too old and fat He recommends his old adjutant Lincoln offers command, but is turned down Irwin McDowell st 1 Bull Run Manassas Junction July 21, 1861 PGT Beauregard & Joseph Johnston Manassas Junction “There stands Jackson like a stonewall” George McClellan Peninsula Campaign Quaker Guns Robert E. Lee John Pope Headquarters in the saddle nd 2 Battle of Bull Run *Pope tries to catch Jackson *Longstreet surprises Pope *McClellan does nothing James Longstreet Mac is Back! Antietam *Lee moves North *Lost Order *Bloodiest day of war Miller’s Cornfield The Cornfield Sunken Road Sunken Road Dunker’s Church Approximate Numbers Killed Wounded Missing/Capt ured Total Union Confederate Total 2,100 1,550 3,650 9,550 7,750 17,300 750 1,020 1,770 12,400 10,320 22,720 War in the West Ulysses S. Grant Fort Henry Fort Henry Feb 6,1862 Fort Donelson Feb 16 Fort Donelson Confederates decide to consolidate their scattered troops and surprise Grant Confederate forces under Albert Sidney Johnston attack at Shiloh April 6-7 1862 Albert Sidney Johnston The morning attack is a complete surprise Grant is not with the troops Grant is able to stop the retreat with the help of William Sherman and extra troop brought in Confederates lose focus when Johnston is killed Grant attacks the next day and drive the Confederate army back until they retreat While it is a Union victory, the heavy losses shock the North and there are charges that Grant was surprised because he was drunk David Faragut captures New Orleans for the North April 1862 Monitor vs. Merrimack Ambrose Burnside Battle of Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 Marye Heights Casualties Union 12,653 Confederate 5,309 Fighting Joe Hooker Battle of Chancellorsville Stonewall Jackson killed George Meade Battle of Gettysburg John Buford McPherson’s Farm Buford & Reynolds John Burns Joshua Chamberlain George Pickett Lewis Armistead Fence at Emmitsburg Road Vicksburg Grant moves to rescue Union troops at Chattanooga and control Tennessee Wins battles at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge Missionary Ridge Grant given overall command of Union forces William Sherman in charge of West William Tecumseh Sherman While grant shadows Lee in the East, Sherman moves on Atlanta Sherman mainly fights war of maneuver and only tries one frontal assault March to the Sea Grant goes East Battle of the Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Siege of Petersburg Wilmer McLean’s Home Appomattox Court House Lincoln Expands Power of Presidency during War *Sends troops into battle w/o declaration of war *Increases size of army w/o Congress *Proclaims blockade *Suspends Habeas Corpus Peace Democrats Copperheads Clement Vallandigham Lincoln ignores Supreme Court ruling to release secessionist leader Ex parte Merryman 1866 Ex parte Milligan Can’t use military courts where civilian courts are operating Committee for the Conduct of the War *Joint committee *Dominated by the Republicans *Felt war not fought hard enough *Dislike non-Republican generals *Want more movement on slavery ELECTION of 1864 Lincoln McClellan Emancipation Republicans split Radicals-immediate Conservative-gradual T h a d d e u s C h a r l e s S t e v e n s S u m n e r B e n j a m i n Z a c h a r y W a d e C h a n d l e r Congress passes two Confiscation Acts *frees slaves used to support insurrection *frees slaves owned by persons aiding insurrection 1862 Lincoln changes focus of war Write Emancipation Proclamation Waits for win to issue it: Antietam Died of States Rights ECONOMICS North *Coal production up *Railroads expand *loss of farm labor *encourages mechanization South *Planters cut off from markets *white labor force in army *production down 1/3 US Sanitary Commission Domestic Issues Homestead Act - 1862 *Claim 160 acres *Live for 5 years *Dig a well *Plow at least 10 acres *Build a house Morrill Act – 1862 •Gives each state 30,000 acres of public land for each Rep. •Sale of land to establish ‘land grant’ colleges Transcontinental Railroad *Union Pacific - build west from Omaha *Central Pacific - build east from California