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Questions for the Missouri Comp. & the Wilmot Proviso… 1. What two states were added to the Union with the passage of the Missouri Compromise? 2. Who was the author of the Missouri Compromise? 3. What did the Wilmot Proviso suggest? Why did it fail? 4. Why would the South be concerned about the Wilmot Proviso? Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820) • 1820- Missouri applies to admission into the Union as a slave state • In order to maintain an equal # of slave and free state, the Compromise created Maine, and entered it as a free state – 12 free states, 12 slave states – Northern states (more population) would always control the House of Reps, but South would be satisfied with a balance in the Senate Missouri Compromise Congress also established the 36,30N Line (Missouri Compromise line) - future states north of the line would be free -south of the line would be slave Both North and South were satisfied with this. Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1820 worked well for 30 years, but the Mexican War would create new problems. With the acquisition of new western lands, a new solution would be needed; balancing the Senate would prove to be impossible. Compromise of 1850 • Towards the end of the Mexican War, David Wilmot, a northern House member introduced a bill which would establish any new territory acquired in the war to be free= Wilmot Proviso • The bill passed in the northern controlled House, but was defeated in the Senate. To the South, if the North ever gained controlled of the Senate, it could spell the end of slavery. Who said this? “In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations” - George Washington’s farewell address, 1796 Compromise of 1850 Don’t write this slide down (Background info.) • In 1850 California applies to the Union as a free state • As the 31st state admitted, Ca.’s admission would upset the balance of the Senate; the South, led by John C. Calhoun, was unhappy. • Henry Clay hammers out a 5 part compromise that will appease both sides for the time being. • Most historians believe it postponed the Civil War for a decade. The Compromise of 1850 -yeah, this one. 1. Ca. is admitted as a free state 2. Mexican Cession is organized into New Mexico and Utah territories with issue of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty. 3. A stricter Fugitive Slave law is passedrequiring northerners to assist in finding runaway slaves 4. Slave trade is abolished in Washington DC 5. Texas surrenders land claims in New Mexico in exchange for $ from fed. gov. Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 • John C. Calhoun, dying of throat cancer, will have his speech read on the Senate floor, opposing the Compromise. “The South has given all she can give” “ Let us separate and part in peace” Compromise of 1850 Speaking in favor of the Compromise was Daniel Webster “I wish to speak today, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American… I speak today for the preservation of the Union.” Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the little lady who started this big war. -- Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Novel depicting fictional characters. The main character is a gentle, kind slave known as Tom. In the end, he is beaten to death because he would not reveal the whereabouts of a runaway slave. • Those that read it began to see slavery in human terms. Northerners could not believe the cruelty of slavery. Southerners claimed it was a completely false depiction of slavery. Kansas-Nebraska Act • In 1854, Congress again tackled the delicate issue of slavery. • Stephen Douglas, Senator from Illinois, pushed through the Kansas-Nebraska Act in order to organize the Kansas and Nebraska territory for eventual statehood. Kansas-Nebraska Act • At the time, Douglas was a nationally recognized, powerful politician who was known to have presidential aspirations • His nickname, “The Little Giant” conveyed his short physical stature and his powerful political influence • His motives in the KN Act is to get the new transcontinental railroad built- with Chicago as its eastern terminal. To do this, he needs the lands out west to be organized. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act • Douglas’s plan called for popular sovereignty to determine whether the territory would have slavery in it. – Popular = the people, the majority – Sovereignty the right to run your own affairs Very quickly, both Pro-slavery advocates (many crossing over from Missouri) and “Free-soilers” soon to be known as JayHawks flooded into Kansas to cast their votes Kansas-Nebraska Act • Election results showed corruption on both sides; both sides claimed victory, both sides set up capitals in the territory. Before long, violence set in. • “Bleeding Kansas” was the name given to the territory as violence erupted. Pro-slavery groups destroyed the Free-soil town of Lawrence. • In retaliation, a radical abolitionist named John Brown led a raid against Pottawatomie. 5 proslavery men were dragged out of the beds and were murdered. Kansas erupted in civil war. Kansas-Nebraska Act • The nation was shocked at the events in Kansas- that people were willing to go to such lengths for their causes. • South viewed the KN Act as a victory - it meant that the possibility of slavery existed above the Missouri Compromise line. • The North became greatly alarmed at the extreme actions southerners were willing to take. “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians) What’s the message in this political cartoon? Brooks-Sumner Affair 1856 • As the violence raged in Kansas, another event showed the nation just how far the North and South had become divided. • On the Senate floor, Mass. Senator, Charles Sumner, known for his abolitionist views, gave a speech called “The Crimes Against Kansas” -within Sumner’s speech was an attack on S.Carolinian senator Andrew Butler (who was absent) - all were appalled, but none more than Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew, and a congressman from South Carolina Brooks-Sumner Affair Knowing that a northerner would not duel, and having to uphold his family’s honor, Brooks approached Sumner on the Senate floor the next day, and began brutally beating him with his cane. After a few minutes, Brooks was pulled off of Sumner, who was beaten unconscious, and would suffer from the effects of his beating for the rest of his life. Brooks was viewed as a hero in the South. He was sent canes from admirers, some etched with the words, “Hit him again”. - Unremorseful, Brooks bragged about his accomplishment say, “I gave him 30 first rate stripes, but saved the head of my cane.” (It was gold.) “The Crime Against Kansas” Rep. Preston Brooks (D-SC) Sen. Charles Sumner (RMa.) Brooks-Sumner Affair • Northerners were again appalled at the violent spirit of the South. Mass. Voted Sumner back in office even though he was too injured to serve. One of Mass. Senate seats sat empty as a sign to the South that they would not be intimidated. • As a result of this incident, members of Congress began carrying pistols and daggers into the capital building for personal protection. Dred Scott Decision- 1857 Dred Scott Dred Scott Decision • With Congress unable to solve the crisis, the nation turned its’ eyes to a Supreme Court ruling. • The Dred Scott Decision was a victory for the South, and for many in the North, a giant leap backwards. Dred Scott Decision • The case was brought by Dred Scott, a slave, whose owner at one time, moved to Illinois (bringing Scott with him). Eventually, Scott’s owner dies and Scott is given to another. • Scott will bring his case to court, saying that when he was brought into Illinois, he should have been made free. The case will go all the way to the Supreme Ct. Dred Scott Decision Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney, will write the majority decision. Taney will deliver two major findings: – Scott had no business in court, the case should have never been heard. Blacks, free or slave, “had no rights any white person needs to recognize.” Basically, AfricanAmericans are not citizens – Congress has no right to deny property to citizens. The Missouri Compromise Line is, therefore, unconstitutional. In a sense, slavery could exist anywhere in America. Roger B. Taney Dred Scott Decision • The South was thrilled with the verdict, felt it settled the issue once and for all • Northerners were shocked. Southerners were thrilled The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. Lincoln-Douglas debates • 1858- Senate race in Illinois • Well-known Stephen Douglas (Democrat) vs. little known Abraham Lincoln (Republican) • The 2 candidates will agree to a series of 7 debates around the state of Illinois. • These debates will be followed by the entire country because of the influence of Douglas. • The two men express their views on slavery, which set the ideology of both political parties. Their views on slavery… • Douglas will continue to support the idea of popular sovereignty despite Lincoln’s attack on it due to the results of “Bleeding Kansas.” • Lincoln’s will eloquently state the Republican Party’s view of slavery- while at the same time hinting of what he personally believes should happen. Republican View of Slavery “Slavery is a moral wrong. And one of the ways of treating it as a wrong, is to not let it spread” “Slavery is like a cancer. But, to cut it out of the patient completely would kill the patient. So we just don’t want the cancer to spread.” Lincoln’s Personal View of Slaveryperhaps a bit of foreshadowing? “A house divided cannot stand. We cannot endure being half-free and halfslave. We must be one or the other” Results • Douglas wins the election in a very close vote. • However, northerners will now side with the Republican Party- who they viewed as being moderate on the slavery issue. • Southerners who followed the debate feel the Republican Party, and especially Lincoln, are a threat to their way of life. They begin to state that if a Republican is elected President in 1860, they will be forced to leave the Union. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859 John Brown @Harpers Ferry.com • 1859- John Brown will lead an anti-slavery attack on the town of Harper’s Ferry, Va. • Harper’s Ferry contained an arsenal (storage of weapons). Brown’s plan was to seize the arsenal, have slaves run from their owners, give them each a weapon, and then sweep thru the South to end slavery. • Initially, Brown and his men (about 20) are successful, capturing some buildings and taking a few hostages. Greatly alarmed, Pres. Buchanan will order Col. Robert E. Lee down to Harper’s Ferry to put an end to the revolt. Lee’s small force of Marines storm the firehouse where Brown and his men were hiding, killing some of the men, and capturing Brown. Colonel Robert E Lee Firehouse Brown’s trial for treason was quick. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. On his way to the gallows, he handed someone a piece of paper. It read: “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood.” John Brown Reactions North- while many South- always fearful of a disagreed with massive slave uprising, this Brown’s actions, for event scared them even others, he became a more. hero. They believe the North is now full of “John Browns” During the CW, Union waiting to come down troops will sing a song South and cause further about him, “John insurrections. Brown’s Body”. The South begins to form Brown becomes a militias to combat what martyr. they believe is an eventual invasion. √ Abraham Lincoln Republican S. Douglas Northern Democrat 1860 Pres. Election John Bell Constit. Union John C. Breckinridge So. Dem. (& V.P.) 1860 Election Results Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Crittenden Compromise After the election, and with Southern states threatening to leave the Union, Sen. John Crittenden attempted to pass legislation to appease the South. - extend the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific, allowing slavery to exist south of the line - use federal $ to reimburse slave holders whose slaves had runaway President-elect Lincoln told Republicans in Congress to reject it, and they did. Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860 Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861