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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
The Union in Peril
Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery.
African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
The Union in Peril
SECTION 1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
SECTION 2
The Civil War Begins
SECTION 3
The North Takes Charge
SECTION 4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Disagreements over slavery heighten regional tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Differences Between North and South
Controversy over Slavery Worsens
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Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor
Industrialized North does not depend on slavery
South tries to spread slavery in West
North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
Slavery in the Territories
Statehood for California
• California applies for statehood as free state in 1849; angers South
The Compromise of 1850
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Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory
Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union
Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides
California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted
Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue in NM, Utah
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Fugitive Slave Act
• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned
• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada
The Underground Railroad
• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—escape routes from South
• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protests
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
Protest, Resistance, and Violence {continued}
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 36 30’ line, closed to slavery
• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas
• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas
Violence in the Senate
• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew Butler
• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floor
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
New Political Parties Emerge
Slavery Divides Whigs
• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852
• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories
• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery
The Free-Soilers’ Voice
• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers
The New Republican Party
• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories
• Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856); secession averted
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
Conflicts Lead to Secession
The Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom
• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen
• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave
• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-1
Conflicts Lead to Secession {continued}
Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859)
• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
Lincoln Is Elected President
• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes
Southern Secession
• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form Confederacy in 1861
• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-2
The Civil War Begins
Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede from the Union, war begins between the North
and South.
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-2
The Civil War Begins
Union and Confederate Forces Clash
Southern States Take Sides
• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers
• 4 more slave states join Confederacy
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain in Union
Strengths and Strategies
• Northern strengths: more people, factories, food production
• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals, motivated soldiers
• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-2
Union and Confederate Forces Clash {continued}
Bull Run
• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle
Union Armies in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts, wins at Shiloh
• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the Confederacy’s busiest port
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-2
Union and Confederate Forces Clash {continued}
The War for the Capitals
• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862:
— drives General George McClellan from Richmond
— loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle
• McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-2
The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral
• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern goods
Proclaiming Emancipation
• Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves
• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent
• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty, dissent
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-2
Life During Wartime
War Leads to Social Upheaval
• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on both sides
• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots
African Americans Fight for Freedom
• African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army
• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet, poor medical care
• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of malnutrition, disease
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-2
Life During Wartime {continued}
Women Work to Improve Conditions
• Thousands of women serve as nurses for both sides
• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds American Red Cross
The War Affects Regional Economies
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Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflation
Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern industry
North’s standard of living declines
Congress enacts income tax (percentage of income) to pay for war
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-3
The North Takes Charge
After four years of bloody fighting, the Union wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-3
The North Takes Charge
The Tide Turns
Southern Victories
• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863, Chancellorsville
The Battle of Gettysburg
• North wins decisive three-day battle of Gettysburg, July 1863
• Total casualties were more than 30%; South demoralized
The Gettysburg Address
• Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication
• Speech helps country realize it is a unified nation
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-3
The Tide Turns {continued}
Grant Wins at Vicksburg
• May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after unsuccessful attacks
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-3
The Confederacy Wears Down
Confederates Seek Peace
• Confederacy no longer able to attack; works toward armistice
• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call for peace
Total War
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Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864)
Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as Western commander
Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fight
Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-3
The Confederacy Wears Down {continued}
Sherman’s March
• Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction through Georgia
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s victories
The Surrender at Appomatox
• April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox Court House
• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance collapses
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-3
The War Changes the Nation
Human Cost of the War
• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers die
Political and Economic Changes
• Civil War increases power, authority of federal government
• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyed
A Revolution in Warfare
• Developments in military technology make fighting more deadly
• Ironclad ships change naval warfare
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-3
The War Changes Lives
The Thirteenth Amendment
• Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot
• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a period known as Reconstruction, during which
attempts are made to readmit the South to the Union.
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
The Politics of Reconstruction
Building a New South
• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education
• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)
Lincoln’s Plan
• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union
• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
— want to destroy political power of former slaveholders
— want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
The Politics of Reconstruction {continued}
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan
• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners
• Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866)
• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
The Politics of Reconstruction {continued}
Johnson Impeached
• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict
U. S. Grant Elected
• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes
• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
Reconstructing Society
Conditions in the Postwar South
• By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union
• Republican governments begin public works programs, social services
Politics in the Postwar South
• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position
• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war
• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
Reconstructing Society {continued}
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders
• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
African Americans in Reconstruction
• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops
• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
The Collapse of Reconstruction
Britain and France
• The Collapse of Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
— destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans
— to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires
Support for Reconstruction Fades
• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention
• Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Section-4
The Collapse of Reconstruction {continued}
Democrats “Redeem” the South
• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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