* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Document
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island wikipedia , lookup
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Radical Republican wikipedia , lookup
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Carpetbagger wikipedia , lookup
Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era wikipedia , lookup
Reconstruction era wikipedia , lookup
Whatever happened to… Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens? © 2005 Clairmont Press CSA President Jefferson Davis Under Arrest Captured on May 10, 1865 in Irwinville, GA. After being captured, he was held as a prisoner for two years in Fort Monroe, Virginia. Afterwards, he enjoyed the retiree lifestyle - he was president of an insurance company, wrote several books, and traveled overseas. © 2005 Clairmont Press CSA Vice President Alexander Stephens Under Arrest Stephens was arrested at his home in Crawfordville, GA on May 11, 1865. He was imprisoned in Fort Warren (MA) for five months until October 1865. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883. © 2005 Clairmont Press RECONSTRUCTION So, we struggle to put the pieces back together again… “It is more honorable to repair a wrong than persist in it.” © 2005 Clairmont Press ~ Thomas Jefferson, author of The Declaration and 3rd US President RECONSTRUCTION DEFINITION: The process, after the Civil War, of reorganizing the Southern states which had seceded and reestablishing them in the Union. From 1867-77. © 2005 Clairmont Press C President Lincoln’s Plan C • Lincoln wanted to rebuild and return the south to the Union as soon as possible • His plan was called the 10% plan • “Reconstruction” would have two parts: 1.Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath of allegiance; 2.When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could rejoin the Union and form a state government. President Lincoln’s Plan • Lincoln’s plan to reconstruct the south was challenged. Some northerners called “Radical Republicans” thought the south should be more severely punished. • The Radical Republicans wanted to make sure the freedmen retained their new rights. A Life Cut Short… • Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865 during a play at Ford’s Theater by actor John Wilkes Booth. • Vice President Andrew Johnson took over as President. Welcome our new president -President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. © 2005 Clairmont Press President Johnson’s Plan Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (but they could apply directly to Johnson) [see page 300 – Figure 30] Southern states had to approve (ratify) the 13th Amendment, nullify their ordinances of secession, and promise not to repay money borrowed during the war. He also named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections and the creation of new state constitutions. © 2005 Clairmont Press C President Johnson’s Plan However, many Southern state constitutions fell short of meeting minimum requirements. President Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. EFFECTS? 1. Pardoned, wealthy planters were brought back to political power to control state govt. 2. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! With these wealthy, white, Southern Democrats back in power, there is a revival of southern defiance. This leads to the creation of BLACK CODES! © 2005 Clairmont Press C The GA Constitutional Convention of 1865 C • President Johnson appointed James Johnson as Georgia’s provisional governor. A Constitutional Convention was held, and the representatives voted to abolish slavery and repeal the ordinance of secession. • Elections were held in November 1865 for a new legislature. It was full of white Southern Democrats from before the war. Black Codes C • Black Codes were laws passed by former Confederate states to keep freedmen from having the same rights as whites. – Didn’t allow blacks: the same jobs as whites, the right to vote, the right to marry a white person, or the right to testify or serve on a jury. – Blacks could be: whipped as punishment, forced to work from sunrise to sunset six days per week, or put in jail if they didn’t have a job. Slavery is Dead? © 2005 Clairmont Press Amendments Activity • With your group, read the official wording of either the 13th, 14th, or 15th amendment. • Discuss with your group the main points of the document. • On the large piece of paper provided, write the name of the amendment, the date it was ratified, and in your own words summarize the main points of each section of the amendment. • If you have additional time, you can draw pictures and decorate your poster Warm up 1-28 Do you think that Georgians wanted to ratify any of the new amendments? Oh no, you didn’t! • Congress was angry about Georgia’s Black Codes, so it passed the 14th Amendment granting: – citizenship to all freedmen; – the federal government power to intervene any time civil rights were taken from freedmen. C C Congressional Reconstruction • Congress required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Georgia and most of the other southern states refused. • Congress abolished these states’ governments and put them under military rule. • Georgia was ruled by General John Pope. – Pope was required to register all male voters – black and white. These voters would elect new representatives to form a new state government. Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. © 2005 Clairmont Press Constitutional Convention of 1867 C • Because GA refused to ratify the 14th amendment, GA had to go through military reconstruction in 1867, and General Pope registered Georgia's eligible white voters (95,214) and black voters (93,457). • Delegates were elected to create a new state constitution. Delegates were mainly carpetbaggers (northerners who had moved south), scalawags (southerners who sided with the Republicans), and blacks. • Accomplishments of the Convention: – A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all citizens; – Free public education for all children; – Women were allowed to control their own property. • Georgia now satisfied Congress, so General Pope and his troops left the state. African Americans in Politics • The election of 1867 was the first time African Americans had voted. • Several African Americans were elected to Georgia’s General Assembly. • Rev. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first black men elected in Georgia. • The African Americans elected to the General Assembly were expelled in 1868. – It was argued by whites that civil rights laws gave blacks the right to vote but not to be elected. C Black & White Political Participation © 2005 Clairmont Press The Balance of Power in Congress © 2005 Clairmont Press State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 The “Invisible Empire of the South” © 2005 Clairmont Press The “Invisible Empire of the South” © 2005 Clairmont Press Ku Klux Klan • Secret organization – originally started as a social club for men returning from the war. • Members hid behind robes and masks, and the group terrorized blacks to keep them from voting (disenfranchisement) • As a result, Congress passed “The Georgia Act” and sent troops back to Georgia. • The act required Georgia to pass the 15th Amendment giving all males the right to vote. C 15th Amendment Ratified in 1870. Said that citizens’ right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote at the same time! © 2005 Clairmont Press C Conditions in Georgia at the end of the war: • farms were in ruins • homes, railways, bridges,roads were destroyed or in need of repair • not enough food • banks were closed – Confederate money was worthless • the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt • 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or disease and many more were crippled and could not work – Almost 20% of while male population aged 1845 died in war The Freedmen • Problems of freedmen (former slaves): – homeless – hungry – uneducated – free for the 1st time – no property or goods • Many former slaves feared re-enslavement • Most whites had difficulty treating freeman as free persons The Freedmen’s Bureau C • Started by U.S. government in 1865 • Its job was to help freed slaves and poor whites with basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter • The purpose shifted to education – Set up 4,000 primary schools – Started industrial schools for jobs training – Started teacher-training schools • Missionaries started schools like Atlanta University, Morehouse College, and Clark College Freedmen’s Bureau School © 2005 Clairmont Press Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do. © 2005 Clairmont Press © 2005 Clairmont Press Economic Reconstruction • Without slaves, landowners needed laborers to work their large farms. – Two systems emerged: tenant farming and sharecropping. • Cotton was still Georgia’s most important crop C Tenant Farming and Sharecropping Sharecropping Landowner provides a house, land, equipment, animals, fertilizer and seeds. The landowner issued credit to the worker to buy medicine, food, clothing and other supplies. The landowner gets a share of the crop and crops to pay any debt owed. Sharecroppers rarely had any cash. Tenant Farming Landowner provides house and land. Landowner received a set amount of cash or a portion of the crop at the end of the season. Tenant farmers usually made a small profit. Sharecropping © 2005 Clairmont Press The End of Reconstruction • The African Americans who had been expelled from the General Assembly in 1868 were readmitted by the Georgia Supreme Court in 1870. • The Assembly approved the 14th and 15th Amendments. • In 1871, Georgia was readmitted to the Union, thus ending Reconstruction in Georgia. C