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The Civil War (1861-1865) Chapter 11 Opposing Sides Section 1 Choosing Sides • Robert E. Lee joined the Confederacy – “I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children.” – 313 officers joined the Confederates • 1860 – 8 military colleges in U.S. – 1 in North; 7 in South – North had a strong naval tradition Advantages & Disadvantages • 1860 Population – North 22 million; South 9 million total (3 million enslaved) • North – major area of industry—economic advantage – 80% of factories in North – produced 90% of clothing, boots & shoes – 93% of pig iron – weapons & equipment – South only had a factory able to produce cannons • Set up armories & factories – Augusta – gunpowder • By 1862, producing enough gunpowder, weapons, & ammunition Financing the War • North had economic advantages – Union controlled Treasury & had revenue from tariffs – Many people withdrew silver & gold from banks • Banks could not buy government bonds so they could not pay suppliers or soldiers • Legal Tender Act – created greenbacks • South raised $ by taxing trade – Union blockaded the South & South had to tax its own people Party Politics in the North • Republicans – abolitionists – Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union even if it meant to allow slavery to continue. • Northerners divided • War Democrats – conflict; see Union as it was before the Civil War – Opposed ending slavery • Peace Democrats – reuniting the states through negotiation rather than force – Opposed war Party Politics in the North • Conscription – forced military service • Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus – Right to not be imprisoned unless charged with a crime & given a trial • Weak Southern Government – Confederate Constitution – states’ rights & limited the central government’s power • Interfered with Davis’s (president) ability to conduct the war • Alexander Stephens – Vice President Diplomatic Challenge • Did not want European governments involved – Union did not want Europeans to recognize Confederates as independent – Respect blockade of South • Confederates wanted the British to recognize the CSA, declare Union blockade illegal, and use British navy to assist that South in the war • South would not sell cotton to the British or French Confederate Ambassadors • James Mason – went to Great Britain • John Slidell – went to France • Trent – “one war at a time” “Modern War” • Not fought like wars in Europe • Not fought by small, disciplined armies but fought by large armies of volunteers & civilians that required vast amounts of supplies & equipment – Best way to win: line up in columns & go on offensive – Fire massive volleys (firing) & attacked with bayonets “Modern War” • Rifle invented – more accurate • War of Attrition: killing as many enemy soldiers as possible – man for man • South’s Strategy: – Compared themselves to the American Revolution • Confederates = Colonists – Battles: attacking & retreating when necessary; avoiding large battle risking large losses – South would wage a War of Attrition “Modern War” • Richmond Examiner commented: “The idea of waiting for blows, instead of inflicting them is altogether unsuited to the genius of our people.” • Union’s Strategy – Anaconda Plan – Developed by: Winfield Scott (Mexican War) Early Stages Section 2 Mobilizing the Troops • Confederate leader – PGT Beauregard – 25 miles south of Washington, DC • Lincoln ordered an attack-Confederates pushed back across Bull Run (stream) • Confederates led by “Stonewall” Jackson – “There is Jackson standing like a stonewall! Rally behind the Virginians!” • Union forces retreated – the First Battle of Bull Run made it clear that the North would need a large, well-trained army to defeat the South Naval War • Lincoln announced blockade of South – Not blocked: Charleston, SC & Wilmington, NC • Blockade Runners – small, fast vessels the South used to smuggle goods past the blockade – South operated out of foreign ports & attacked merchant ships – Alabama & Florida – most famous – Damage caused by ^ ships strained relations between U.S. & Great Britain. Farragut Captures New Orleans • Union preps to seize New Orleans & take control of the lower Mississippi River • Farragut – 42 war ships + 15,000 soldiers • On April 25, 1862 – arrived in New Orleans, South’s largest city & now cotton trade was under Union control War in the West • Ulysses S. Grant – Union General – Cumberland & Tennessee rivers • Grant headed up Tennessee River to attack Corinth, MS – cut rail line connecting MS & western TN • Confederates surprised Grant 20 miles north at Shiloh Church – Grant advised to retreat – No. Attacked Beauregard’s troops until he had to order a retreat – 20,000 troops wounded or killed – newspapers wanted Grant fired – Lincoln said “I can’t spare this man; he fights” War in the East • McDowell failed at First Battle of Bull Run, replaced by George B. McClellan – James River – peninsula James-York Rivers • Divided by Chickahominy River – Joseph E. Johnston attacked McClellan – Robert E. Lee took over after Johnston was wounded • Davis & Lee knew a Northern invasion would make the North accept Southern independence – Also: victory on N soil would help win recognition from British & Peace Democrats election Emancipation Proclamation • Democrats opposed to ending slavery; Republicans divided • Republicans did not want to endanger the loyalty of slaveholding border states that remained in the Union • Northern casualties increased abolishing slavery was best – (1) punish South, (2) make soldiers’ efforts worthwhile Emancipation Proclamation • Issued on September 22, 1862 • What did it do? – Freed enslaved persons in states in rebellion as of January 1, 1863 – ONLY FREED STATES IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES! Not border slave states Life During the War Section 3 African Americans in the Military • Emancipation Proclamation officially allowed African Americans to serve in the Union military – About 180,000 Africans Americans served in the Union military– almost The Turning Point Section 4 Vicksburg Falls • Farragut captures New Orleans – gives Union control of the Mississippi River delta – Controlled north to Memphis, TN – Goal: Cut the South in half • Grant sent Benjamin Grierson to distract – Grant moved troops south of city of Vicksburg • Foraging – living off the land – Grant captured Jackson – May 1863 assaults on Vicksburg – only way to take city = SEIGE Road to Gettysburg • Lincoln is frustrated with McClellan – replaces him with Ambrose Burnside • Burnside failed, replaced with Joseph Hooker • Hooker’s Attack: (1) left large part of army at Fredericks burg to keep Lee’s troops from moving, (2) took rest of army west to circle around Lee’s troops & attack from rear • Hooker was forced to retreat on May 5, 1863 • Lee ordered George E. Pickett & AP Hill to attack Gettysburg Address • Lee was forced to withdraw to Virginia • Gettysburg proved to be a turning point • November 1863 – Lincoln decided to dedicate a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield as a military cemetery • Gave a speech – Gettysburg Address – Reminded his listeners: the nation was “conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” Grant Secures Tennessee • After Vicksburg & Gettysburg – fighting broke out in Chattanooga, TN – Chattanooga – railroad junction & control of RR to Atlanta • Lincoln ordered Meade to help in Battle of Chattanooga – Lincoln also made Grant in overall command of Union troops (general in chief) • Two Objectives Achieved: (1) captured Vicksburg (control of MS river) (2) victory in Chattanooga secured Eastern TN (invasion of GA The War Ends Section 5 Sherman’s March to the Sea • Occupied Atlanta – Sherman wanted to punish the South & march to the Atlantic Ocean • “A demonstration to the world…that we have a power that Davis cannot resist. I can make the march, and make Georgia howl.” • Sherman burnt Atlanta & cut a path through GA 60 miles wide of destruction – Pillaged: looting, destroying property The South Surrenders • Lincoln thought he would lose reelection in 1864, but he did not know the war was almost over • Presidential Election of 1864: (D) General George C. McClellan & (R) Abraham Lincoln (w) – The capture of Atlanta gave Lincoln the support he needed to win – Mandate: clear sign from voters Surrender • Lee’s time was short – April 1, 1865 Lee was trapped by Sheridan’s cavalry & blocked road to Appomattox Court House – Lee said he would “rather die a thousand deaths” than to see Grant to surrender (dishonorable) – Lee’s troops were outnumbered & he surrendered • When: April 9, 1865 • Where: Appomattox Court House Lincoln’s Assassination • Lincoln went out unaccompanied to see “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. – Who assassinated Lincoln? • Aftermath of the Civil War – Union victory strengthened federal government – Civil War changed American society by ending slavery (reconstruction amendments) – Lingering Questions: (1) How to bring Southern states back into Union? (2) Status of African Americans in Southern society? – Answers = Reconstruction period (after Civil War)