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Chapter 6
Civil War And Reconstruction
Decisive Battles of the Civil War
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First Battle of Bull Run
Shiloh
Antietam
Vicksburg
Gettysburg
Chattanooga
Kennesaw Mountain
Mobile Bay
Atlanta
Sherman’s March
Surrender at Appomattox
First Battle of Bull Run
 Fought 30 miles south of Washington,
D.C.
 It was a humiliating defeat for the
North and almost led to a
Confederate invasion of Washington,
D.C.
Shiloh
 Was fought in Shiloh, Tennessee
 One of the bloodiest battles of the
civil war
 Ended without any clear winner
Antietam
 Lee planned an invasion of the North,
but his battle strategies fell into the
hands of a northern soldier
 Considered the bloodiest one day
battle in the history of the U.S.
 After the Union victory Lincoln issued
the Emancipation Proclamation
Vicksburg
 Was well guarded by the Confederacy
and was the last major obstacle to
total Union control of the Mississippi
River
 On July 4, 1863,Grant’s forces
conquered the city, and the
Mississippi River came under control
of the Union
Gettysburg
 The site of Lincoln’s Gettysburg
Address, which affirmed his belief in
democracy and his desire to see the
warring nation reunited in peace
 Considered the turning point of the
Civil War, because the Confederacy
no longer had the ability to launch an
offensive into Union territory
Chattanooga
 A combined Union force from the
Armies of Sherman, Grant, and
Hooker defeated the Confederate
forces occupying Lookout Mountain in
Tennessee
 Confederate forces fled after this
battle, placing the entire state in the
hands of the Union and cutting off
important railway supplies to Atlanta,
Georgia
Kennesaw Mountain
 Confederate General Johnston sent
his forces to defend Kennesaw
Mountain in Georgia against the
advancing armies of General
Sherman
 Union forces suffered heavy losses
and failed to take the mountain
Mobile Bay
 Naval Admiral Farragut successfully
attacked the Confederate forts
defending Mobile Bay in Alabama
using his four armored warships and
fourteen wooden vessels
 After several months of fighting,
Union troops occupied the city, thus
cutting off a major supply port of the
Confederacy
Atlanta
 Three months after Sherman’s defeat
at Kennesaw Mountain, he was able
to advance against Atlanta, Georgia,
which was a vital railroad terminal for
the South
 Sherman burned Atlanta to the
ground, destroying the ability of the
Confederacy to supply the war effort
Sherman’s March
 For his infamous march, Sherman
handpicked 60,000 soldiers to
destroy everything in a 60 mile-wide
path from Chattanooga, Tennessee,
through Atlanta, to Savannah,
Georgia
Surrender at Appomattox
 Realizing his army was outnumbered
by more than two-to-one, General
Lee surrendered to General Grant at
the courthouse in Appomattox,
Virginia
Social and Political Changes During
the Civil War
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Habeas Corpus
Draft
Homestead Act
Morrill Land Grant Act
Emancipation Proclamation
13th Amendment
Habeas Corpus
 Guaranteed that a person could not
be imprisoned without appearing in
court
 After Confederate sympathizers
attacked Union troops in Baltimore,
Lincoln declared martial law in
Maryland and suspended the right of
habeas corpus
Draft
 Being forced to serve in the military
Homestead Act
 Stated that anyone who would agree
to cultivate 160 acres of land for five
years would receive title to that land
from the federal governement
Morrill Land Grant Act
 Allotted each state thousands of acres
of land based on the number of
senators and representatives
 Each state was required to use this
land to fund at least one public
university
 The money generated from this Act
formed the foundation for the public
university system that exists today
Emancipation Proclamation
 Issued January 1, 1863
 Freed the slaves in the Confederacy,
while maintaining slavery in the
border states loyal to the Union
13th Amendment
 Abolished slavery throughout the U.S.
Cost of War
 The North
 The South
The North
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At the start of the war, the Union federal budget was 63
million dollars. By the end of the war, the budget had
grown to 1.3 billion dollars. To gain this money, the
government began printing more dollars, causing inflation
to increase quickly
Mostly due to wartime demands, industrial production
increased to record high levels. International immigration
increased in the Urban North, and 3 new states joined the
Union – Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada
The Union was restored
Over 360,000 Union soldiers lost their lives
The return of 800,000 soldiers to work plus the slower
demand for manufactured products in the North led to a
short-lived recession (economic downturn characterized by
higher unemployment)
The South
 The South lost its fight for independence, and its
slave-based economy was abolished.
 Over 258,000 Confederate soldiers lost their lives.
 The South was devastated. With railroads and
factories destroyed, banks closed.
 With farms destroyed and slaves emancipated, the
agricultural economy declined.
 Some people feared retaliation from the North and
from former slaves.
 Over 2/3 of southern wealth was destroyed. The
majority of the wealth disappeared when the slaves,
who were highly prized by their owners, received their
freedom.
Life for the Emancipated Blacks
 Freedmen
 Sharecroppers
 Freedmen’s Bureau
Freedmen
 Emancipated slaves
Sharecroppers
 People who farmed a piece of land for
the land owner and pay him for the
seed, land, and materials with a
portion of the crop.
Freedmen’s Bureau
 The bureau provided clothing and
surplus army food, five million dollars
and agents to organize school for
black children and adults, medical
care for over one million people, and
agents to find work for freedmen and
prevent exploitation. Some
Southerners saw the Bureau as a
Republican effort to help blacks at the
expense of whites.
Cultural Foundations in the Black
Community
 The Church
 Education
The Church
 African Methodist Episcopal (AME)
church- large all-black church- a
haven for blacks seeking to escape
discrimination.
Education
 The Freedmen’s Bureau built schools
to ensure that blacks could learn
mathematics and basic literacy. When
segregation became established in
the South, blacks received a lesser
education than their white
counterparts. Their schools were
usually run-down, and their books
were often of poorer quality than
those in white schools.
Different Views of Reconstruction
 Radicals
Radicals
 Radicals were the Republicans who
called for strict readmission standards
and vigorous restructuring of the
South.
Different Plans for Reconstruction
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Lincolns Plan
John Wilkes Booth
Johnson’s Plan
Black Codes
Lincoln’s Plan
 Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction
called for a generous way to readmit
Southern states into the Union.
 For each state to be admitted, and for
occupying forces of the North to leave
10% of the voting populace had to
swear allegiance to the Union and the
Constitution.
John Wilkes Booth
 John Wilkes Booth a Confederate
sympathizer, killed Lincoln by
shooting him in the back of the head
during a performance.
Johnson’s Plan
 Vice President Andrew Johnson
became the new President for the
remainder of Lincoln’s second term.
Johnson was sympathetic to white
Southerners and advocated a mild
form of Reconstruction that allowed
the whites to maintain their power
and keep blacks out of office.
Black Codes
 While securing some basic rights for
blacks, these codes, in effect, made
blacks second-class citizens. For
example, blacks could not own
weapons, meet together after
sundown, or marry whites.
Radical Reconstruction
 14th Amendment
 Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Impeach
14th Amendment
 14th Amendment while stated “ All
persons born or naturalized in the
United States…are citizens .”
Reconstruction Act 1867
 With the exception of Tennessee, which had
ratified the 14th Amendment, all former
Confederate states would be administered
as five military districts;
 Southern states would not be readmitted
until they ratified the 14th Amendment;
 Black citizens must be granted the right to
vote;
 Former Confederate officials could not hold
public office.
Impeach
 Removing from office.
 Johnson strongly opposed the 14th Amendment
 Fearing that President Johnson would thwart the
enforcement of the Reconstruction Act, Congress
passed several laws which limited his power and
strengthened the Reconstruction Act itself. While
Congress was in recess for the summer, Johnson
violated one of these laws by firing the Secretary of
War.
 On February 24, 1868, after several months of
investigation, the House voted to impeach Johnson.
He escaped conviction in the Senate by only one vote
and finished his term as President.
A New Kind of Politics
 15th Amendment
15th Amendment
 The 15th Amendment guaranteed
voting rights to all citizens regardless
of “race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.”
Bitter Feelings in the South
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Bitter Feelings in the South
Carpet Baggers
Scalawags
Ku Klux Klan
Martial Law
Punitive Force Acts of 1870 and 1871
Bitter Feelings in the South
 The South was bitter about the loss of war and slaves
 They were angry at Northerners for imposing
Reconstruction on them
 White supremacists called Republicans traitors to their
race
 They resented the high taxes which paid for the
Reconstruction programs. These taxes were a double
burden because of the economics hardships caused by
the war
 They blamed corruption in government on
Reconstruction, Republicans, and black politicians
 They resented carpetbaggers and scalawags
Carpetbaggers
 People who came from the North to
do business in the South
Scalawags
 Southerners who supported
Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
 Founded in 1866
 Used terrorism and violence to intimidate
blacks and other minorities
 This secretive organization was designed to
remove from power the people in
Reconstruction governments who were
giving rights to blacks
 Dressed in hooded white robes, Klansmen
would frequently burn crosses in the front
yards of people they wished to intimidate
or kill by lynching
Martial Law
 Military rule
 Put in place if the rights of blacks in a
particular state were violated
Punitive Force Act 1870 and 1871
 Act passed in response to the growing
terrorist activities of the KKK
 Approved measures in Congress
which made it a federal crime to
interfere with the civil rights of
blacks, especially the right to vote
 In addition, President Grant was
authorized to declare martial law
Corruption in Government During
Grant’s Presidency
 Though President Grant showed
strong military leadership in the Civil
War, he was a weak political leader
who depended exceedingly on his
advisers. These advisers proved to
be inexperienced and corrupt. On the
national level, excessive speculation
and widespread corruption led
eventually to an economic panic and
depression in 1873
Presidential Election of 1876
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Samuel Tilden
Rutherford B. Hayes
Compromise of 1877
Jim Crow Laws
Samuel Tilden
 Democratic governor from New York
Rutherford B. Hayes
 Republican governor from Ohio
 Made President after much dispute
over the election – He had fewer
votes than his opponent but had
more electoral votes than his
opponent
Compromise of 1877
 Deal made between Democrats and
Republicans to settle an election
dispute between Rutherford B. Hayes
and Samuel Tilden over the close race
for President. The Democrats
accepted the Republican President,
and he ended Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
 Introduced in the South after the Civil
War to limit the property and voting
rights of blacks