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CHAPTER 2 The New Republic DO NOW How do we elect presidents? What do you think is the role of the President? What does they do? In 1789 Congress created the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of War, and the Office of the Attorney General. Washington then chose his cabinet— the individuals who would head these departments and advise him. Washington's Presidency Video The judicial branches as well as the first federal judges were established with the Judiciary Act of 1789. John Jay became the first chief justice of the United States. THE WHISKEY REBELLION In 1791 Hamilton's proposed high tax on the manufacture of American whiskey passed in Congress. Western farmers were outraged by the 25 percent tax, and in 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion began. Washington sent in 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion. POLITICAL PARTIES – THE FEDERALISTS The Federalists, led by Hamilton, wanted a strong national government in the hands of the wealthy. They believed in manufacturing and trade as the basis of wealth and power. Artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and bankers supported the Federalist Party. REPUBLICANS Madison and Jefferson led the Republicans The group supported agriculture over trade and commerce. They favored the rights of states against the power of the federal government. The rural South and West tended to support Republicans. THE ELECTION OF 1800 The election of 1800 was closely contested and revealed a flaw in the system for selecting a president. Each state chooses electors that are sent to the Electoral College to vote for the president. In the election of 1800, two candidates, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, each had the same number of electoral votes. According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives votes for president when there is a tie. However, there was also a tie in the House of Representatives. Finally, Jefferson became president by one vote. The election of 1800 was closely contested and revealed a flaw in the system for selecting a president. Electoral College Video Clip (6 min.) Thomas Jefferson wanted to limit the scope of government. He began paying off the federal debt, cut government spending, and did away with the whiskey tax. He also trimmed the armed forces. MARBURY V. MADISON In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court asserted its right of judicial review, or the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and strike down laws that were not. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE On April 30, 1803, the United States purchased Louisiana from France for $11.25 million, and took on French debts of about $3.75 million. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States. WAR OF 1812 When Madison took office in 1809, he faced growing tensions with Great Britain. The British were seizing American ships and kidnapping American sailors. Economic sanctions were beginning to work, but too late—Congress had declared war, and the War of 1812 began. John Green Video (12 min) The British marched into Washington D.C. and burned the White House and Capital, but faced strong opposition in Baltimore. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814, generated patriotism and national unity. GROWING NATIONALISM Congress prepared an ambitious economic program. Their program included creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers from foreign competition, and improving transportation in order to link the country together. DO NOW What’s nationalism? What are some examples of nationalism? Between 1816 and 1824, Chief Justice of the United States, John Marshall, ruled in several cases that established the power of the federal government over the states. Video Clip Gibbons v. Ogden Marshall's decisions expanded federal power with the help of the "necessary and proper" clause and the interstate commerce clause. Nationalism in the United States influenced the nation to expand its borders and assert itself in world affairs. In the early 1800s, Spanish Florida angered many Southerners runaway slaves Seminoles clashed with American settlers across the border in Georgia. In 1818 General Andrew Jackson seized Spanish settlements in Florida. In the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States. MONROE DOCTRINE Many of Spain's colonies on the American mainland were declaring independence. Some European monarchies proposed helping Spain regain control of its overseas colonies. In response, President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine. This policy declared that the United States would prevent other countries from interfering in Latin American political affairs. Video Clip THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In the early 1800s, a transportation revolution and the Industrial Revolution helped the North become a major manufacturing center. Steamboats made river travel more reliable and upstream travel possible. Railroads appeared in the 1800s. Trains helped settle the West and expand trade among regions. WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? Industrialization began in the Northeast. Eli Whitney popularized the use of interchangeable parts which led to factory-based production. Samuel F. B. Morse perfected the telegraph and developed Morse code, which sped communication. Industrialization and the search for higher-paying jobs drew thousands from rural areas into the cities. Immigrants by the millions poured into the United States between 1815 and 1860. Video Clip Some Americans organized against the newcomers. These nativists had a preference for native-born people and wanted to limit immigration. UNIONIZATION Factory workers, which included women and children, were poorly paid and worked under horrid conditions. Some workers began to organize into labor unions, or groups of workers who press for better working conditions and member benefits. SOUTHERN LIFE In the South, cotton was king and accounted for nearly two-thirds of U.S. exports. However, the South accounted for only about 16 percent of U.S. manufacturing. The slave trade was outlawed in 1808, but a high birthrate among enslaved women kept the population growing. By 1850 enslaved Africans comprised 37 percent of the total Southern population. All enslaved persons suffered indignities ranging from a complete lack of citizenship and political rights to extreme violence and murder. Free African Americans lived in both the North and the South. They were not embraced in either region but, in the North, they could organize their own churches and associations and earn money from jobs. THE RESURGENCE OF SECTIONALISM In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. This set off the divisive issue as to whether slavery should expand westward. The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. Admitting any new state, either slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the Senate. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE The Missouri Compromise called for admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. An amendment was added to the compromise that prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri's southern border. VOTING RIGHTS EXPAND In the early 1800s, many states eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting. As a result, hundreds of thousands of white males gained the right to vote. THE ELECTION OF 1828 The presidential candidates were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. They resorted to mudslinging, criticizing each other's personalities and morals. Jackson won the election of 1828. President Jackson believed in the participation of the average citizen in government. He supported the spoils system, the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support. Compromises leading up to the Civil War Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Annexation of Texas Nullification Crisis Describe the issues: What did the North want? What did the South want? Outcome: What were the details of the compromise? http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/ne h/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1/ Expository Writing On a separate sheet of paper, write a report to Congress, analyzing the contrast between the industrialization and urban growth of the North and the agricultural economy of the South. Include how the revolution in transportation affected both regions. Predict which side would have the advantage if a war were to occur between the North and the South, and explain your reasons for this prediction. Begin…”Dear Congress, I am writing to you about the dire situation that exists between the North and the South. Their distinct differences have led to increased sectionalism. I fear a civil war is imminent.“ In the early 1800s, South Carolina's economy was weakening, and many people blamed the nation's tariffs. When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828— called the "Tariff of Abominations" by critics— South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union. NULLIFICATION John C. Calhoun, the nation's vice president, was torn between supporting the nation's policies and supporting fellow South Carolinians. Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the idea of nullification. This idea argued that because states had created the federal union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid. Slavery remained a divisive issue. However, Jackson largely ignored the issue, focusing instead on Native Americans. President Jackson supported the idea of moving all Native Americans out of the way of white settlers. In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Act, which helped the states relocate Native Americans to uninhabited regions west of the Mississippi River. THE CHEROKEE FOUGHT BACK In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), and Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice Marshall supported the Cherokees' right to control their land. President Jackson refused to support the decision. TRAIL OF TEARS In 1838 Jackson's successor, Martin Van Buren, sent in an army to force the remaining Cherokee out of Georgia. Thousands of Cherokee died on the journey that became known as the Trail of Tears. Video Clip MANIFEST DESTINY Fertile soil, the fur trade, and trade with foreign nations lured emigrants west. Many Americans believed in Manifest Destiny— the idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific. Emigrants were attracted to Oregon and California, except Great Britain claimed Oregon and Mexico claimed California. The Mexican government had encouraged American settlement in Texas, which was part of Mexico by offering large land grants. However, Mexico closed its borders in 1830 due to the failure of Americans to accept the conditions of settlement. TEXAS Americans defeated Mexican forces at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836. Five months later, the citizens of Texas voted in favor of annexation— absorption—by the United States as a slave state. Because of antislavery opposition and Mexico's claims on Texas, President Jackson made no move toward annexation. In 1846 the United States negotiated with Great Britain to gain the lands that would become Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Texas's entry into the Union and the attempt by Polk to buy California led to Mexico breaking diplomatic relations with the U.S. Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to provoke war with the Mexicans in 1846. On May 9, Mexicans reportedly attacked Taylor's men and Congress voted overwhelmingly for war. Video Clip Do Now –What are the most important parts of an essay? CALIFORNIA In northern California, General John C. Fremont had begun an uprising. On July 14, 1846 they declared California independent and renamed the region the Bear Flag Republic. Polk sent forces to capture Mexico City, which was taken in September 1847. Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. Mexico gave the U.S. territory that would become California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas. In return, the U.S. paid a total of $18.25 million. WILMOT PROVISO Manifest Destiny had been realized, but question of whether the new lands should allow slavery would soon lead the country into another bloody conflict. Wilmot Proviso proposed that in any territory the United States gained from Mexico, "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist." Southern Democrats in the Senate refused to vote on it. Senator Cass of Michigan proposed the idea of popular sovereignty, meaning that the citizens of each new territory should decide for themselves whether or not they wanted to permit slavery. GOLD! In 1848 gold was discovered in California. By the end of 1849, over 80,000 "FortyNiners" had arrived in California. To keep order, Californians sought statehood. If California became a state, the free states would outnumber the slave states 16 to 15. Video Clip COMPROMISE OF 1850 Allow California to become a free state if the rest of the Mexican cession could organize without restrictions on slavery. Also, Congress would be prohibited from interfering with the domestic slave trade and would pass a stronger law to help Southerners recover enslaved African Americans. It passed. Video Clip FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT Northerners were particularly opposed to the Fugitive Slave Act, which made it easy for anyone to accuse any African American of being a runaway slave and sent South. The act require federal marshals to assist slave catchers. This requirements drove abolitionists into open and active defiance. The Underground Railroad, an informal but well-organized network of abolitionists, helped many enslaved people escape to Northern cities or Canada. Harriet Tubman, herself a runaway, was the most famous "conductor." BLEEDING KANSAS Nebraska wanted popular sovereignty, but it was north of the 36’30 line which was closed to slavery. The solution was to split the area into two territories: Nebraska and Kansas. By March of 1855 Thousands of “border ruffians” crossed over to vote illegally and won a fraudulent majority for the proslavery candidates. Fighting and looting ensued. Video Clip DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD In 1856, Scott was a slave and he was taken to a free state. He said that since he was taken to a free state then he was free. The Supreme Court said NO! 1860 ELECTION In the election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln was the Republican candidate. His platform was: no new slavery in territories, but he would not get rid of slavery where it existed. He won the election without the popular vote and no electoral votes from the South.Video Clip The South saw his election as a victory for the abolitionists. South Carolina was the first state to secede. By February 1861, six more southern states voted to secede. video clip Seceding states met and on February 8, 1861, declared themselves to be the Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy. The Confederate Constitution was similar to the U.S. Constitution except it stated that each state was independent and it guaranteed the existence of slavery in the Confederacy. It also banned protective tariffs and limited the term of the presidency. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was chosen president of the Confederacy. North Compare and Contrast Wartime Economy Military Strategy Advantages Disadvantag es Leaders (Presidents and Generals) Major Victories Major Defeats South DO NOW How do you feel about the draft? Who should / should not be drafted? In July 1863, a violent four-day uprising occurred in New York City due to the Civil War draft. It began with a march of about 4,000 men, mostly Irish laborers protesting the law that exempted some wealthy people from being drafted into the Union army. In his inaugural speech, Lincoln told seceding states that he would not interfere with slavery where it existed, but he said, "the Union of these States is perpetual." He also said that the Union would hold on to the federal property in the seceding states. DO NOW Do you think the North had a right to do anything about slavery since it was so important to the economy of the South? Why or why not? SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES Highly motivated soldiers First rate generals cotton NORTHERN ADVANTAGES The North's industries gave it an economic advantage over the South. • • • • More men More food More factories Railroad system BULL RUN 25 miles from Washington D.C. First bloodshed General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson led the confederacy. The confederates won and many soldiers returned home thinking the North would back off. UNION ARMIES IN THE WEST After Bull Run, Lincoln stepped up enlistments. The Union forces went west to fight for the Mississippi River. THE WAR FOR THE CAPITALS McClellan (Union) led his troops to Richmond. General Lee drove him out. Lee went after Washington. McClellan discovers Lee’s plan and ordered his men to go after Lee. The battle is know as Antietam. This clash was the bloodiest single-day battle in American History. In September of 1862, Abraham Lincoln, encouraged by the Union victory at Antietam, announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. This decree would free all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the Civil War from a conflict over preserving the Union to a war to free the slaves. As a result of the collapse of the South's transportation system and the presence of Union troops in many agricultural regions, the South suffered severe food shortages by the winter of 1862. The food shortages hurt Southern morale and led to riots. Rapid inflation drove up prices. The North had an economic boom because of the war. The large, well-established banking industry made raising money for the war easier. The increased use of mechanical reapers and mowers made farming possible with fewer workers. Women entered the workforce to fill labor shortages. African Americans were officially allowed to enlist in the Union army and navy, as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation. Thousands of African Americans joined the military. Besides managing family farms and businesses, women contributed to the Civil War by serving as nurses and doctors to the wounded at the battlefield. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG On July 3, Lee ordered 15,000 men under the command of General George E. Pickett and General A. P. Hill to attack the Union troops. This became known as Pickett's Charge. In less than half an hour of fighting, the Union forces used cannons and guns to inflict 7,000 casualties on the Confederate force. The Union forces had 23,000 casualties at Gettysburg. The Confederates had 28,000 casualties—more than one-third of Lee's army. President Lincoln came to Gettysburg in November 1863, to dedicate part of the battlefield as a military cemetery. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address became one of the bestknown speeches in American history. http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/7 B7B19CC-C6C3-4179-8284-4CED73B9EE33 On November 15, 1864, Union General Sherman began his March to the Sea. His troops cut a path of destruction through Georgia in which they ransacked homes, burned crops, and killed cattle. They reached the coast and seized Savannah on December 21, 1864. The Union troops pillaged, or looted, almost everything in their path. They burned at least 12 cities, including South Carolina's capital—Columbia. Lincoln considered his reelection a mandate, a clear sign from the voters, to end slavery by amending the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, banning slavery in the United States passed on January 31, 1865. General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The terms of surrender guaranteed that the United States would not prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason. RECONSTRUCTION The president and Congress had to deal with Reconstruction, or rebuilding the South after the Civil War. They also had to decide under what terms and conditions the former Confederate states would rejoin the Union. http://app.discoveryeducation.com/se EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR The Civil War saved the Union and strengthened the power of the federal government over the states. It changed American society by ending the enslavement of African Americans. The South's society and economy were devastated. President Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction called for a general amnesty, or pardon, to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted the Union's proclamations concerning slavery. After ten percent of the state's voters in the 1860 presidential election had taken the oath, the state could organize a new state government. The Radical Republicans in Congress, did not want to reconcile with the South. They wanted the Republican Party to become powerful in the South. They wanted the federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing them the right to vote in the South. Thousands of freed African Americans, known as freedmen, had followed General Sherman and his troops as they marched through Georgia and South Carolina. As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau. This bureau was to feed and clothe war refugees in the South using army surplus supplies. The bureau also tried to help freedmen find work and negotiate pay and hours worked on plantations. On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater. Vice President Andrew Johnson became president. Johnson agreed with Lincoln that a moderate policy was needed to bring the South back to the Union. In May 1865, Andrew Johnson issued a new Proclamation of Amnesty. This plan offered to pardon all former citizens of the Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and to return their property. Johnson granted pardons to thousands of Southerners. Many members of Congress were angry that several former Confederate officers and political leaders were elected to Congress. Radical and moderate Republicans voted to reject these new members of Congress. The new Southern state legislatures passed laws, known as black codes, that severely limited African Americans' rights in the South. The codes varied from state to state, but in general, they were written with the intention of keeping African Americans in conditions similar to slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. No state could deny any person "equal protection of the laws.” MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 This act did away with Johnson's Reconstruction programs. The act divided the former Confederate states (except Tennessee because it had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment) into five military districts. A Union general was placed in charge of each district. Each former Confederate state had to hold another constitutional convention to write a constitution that Congress would accept. The constitution had to give the right to vote to all adult male citizens. After the state ratified its new constitution, it had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. Then the state could elect people to Congress. The Republicans feared that Johnson would veto their Reconstruction plan and interfere with their plans by refusing to enforce the Military Reconstruction Act. Congress passed the Command of the Army Act that required all orders from the president to go through the headquarters of the general of the army. Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act that required the Senate to approve the removal of any government official whose appointment had required the Senate's approval. On February 21, 1868, Johnson challenged the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Stanton supported the Congressional Reconstruction plan. After Johnson fired Stanton, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson. They charged Johnson with breaking the law by refusing to uphold the Tenure of Office Act and with trying to undermine the Reconstruction program. After more than two months of debate, the Senate vote was one vote short for conviction. Johnson did not run for election in 1868. General Ulysses S. Grant was the Republican candidate. The presence of Union soldiers in the South helped African Americans vote in large numbers. Grant easily won the election. Republicans kept majorities in both houses of Congress. The Republican-led Congress proposed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment said that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or previous servitude. The amendment became part of the Constitution in 1870. By 1870 all former Confederate states had rejoined the Union. During Reconstruction, many Northerners moved to the South. Many were elected or appointed to positions in the state governments. Southerners referred to these Northerners as carpetbaggers because some brought suitcases made of carpet fabric. Many Southerners viewed the Northerners as intruders who wanted to gain from the South's postwar troubles. Southerners also disliked scalawags—white Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction. Thousands of formerly enslaved people took part in governing the South. They were delegates to state conventions, local officials, and state and federal legislators. Many formerly enslaved African Americans attended schools in the South during Reconstruction. By 1876 about 40 percent of all African American children attended school in the region. The Republican Party became powerful in the South and started many major reforms. The reforms included repealing the black codes, establishing state hospitals, and rebuilding roads and railways damaged during the Civil War. Some Southerners organized secret societies such as the Ku Klux Klan to undermine the Republican rule. Klan members terrorized supporters of the Republican governments, including African Americans, white Republicans, carpetbaggers, teachers in African American schools, and others who supported the Republican governments and equality for African Americans. In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed three Enforcement Acts to end the violence in the South, one of which made the activities of the Ku Klux Klan illegal. After Reconstruction ended, African Americans returned to plantations owned by whites, where they worked for wages or became tenant farmers, paying rent for the land they farmed. Most tenant farmers ended up becoming sharecroppers. They paid a share of their crops to cover their rent and farming costs. Although sharecropping allowed African American farmers to control their own work schedule and working conditions, it also trapped them in poverty because they could not make enough money to pay off their debts and buy their own land.