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THE CIVIL WAR Election of 1860 Democratic Party split over the issue of slavery, Abraham Lincoln easily won a majority of electoral votes (but only 40% of the popular vote) and became the sixteenth President of the United States. Abraham Lincoln – Republican Candidate Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas (Illinois) Southern Democrats chose John C. Breckinridge (Kentucky) Constitutional Unionists, nominated John Bell (Tennessee). Abraham Lincoln (Illinois) Republican The South Secedes Several Southern states refused to accept Lincoln’s election as President, because they feared he would try to abolish or at least further restrict slavery. • Late 1860 to early 1861 southern states vote to secede (or withdraw) from the Union • Formed the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected as president of the Confederacy. Previously, Senator from Mississippi The War Begins at Fort Sumter • In April 1861, President Lincoln refused to remove federal troops from Fort Sumter, located in Charleston, South Carolina. • When Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, the Civil War (1861-1865) began. The Cost of Civil War • A civil war is a war between people of the same country, and approximately 620,000 Americans died during the four years of fighting in the American Civil War - 360,000 men died fighting for the Union, while 260,000 Confederates perished. Before and After Fort Sumter President Lincoln calls states to send troops to serve in the US Army. Rather than send troops, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas voted to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy 1)Ongoing political debate on tariff policies, extension of slavery and nature of the Union (South consistently takes state’s rights position) 2)Continuous conflict between Northern opponents of slavery and Southern proponents of slavery. 3)US Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott case 4)Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin 5)Ineffective Presidential leadership through the 1850s 6)History of failed compromises over the expansion of slavery in the territories 7)President Lincoln’s call for troops in 1861 So…. Secession of Southern States triggers a long and costly war that concludes with •Northern victory •Restoration of the Union •Emancipation of the Slaves *Emancipation – In American History – refers to freeing of African-American Slaves Early 19th Century Debate over the power of the Federal government vs. states rights finally reached a climax. Two most important issues 1 – Survival of the US as one nation 2 - Tested the US’s ability to live up to the ideals of liberty, equality and justice. More Americans died in the Civil War than any other War in the Nation’s history. Key Leaders of the Civil War • Abraham Lincoln • Served as President throughout the War • Opposed secession and insisted the Union should be held together by force if necessary Key Leaders of the Civil War • Jefferson Davis • President of the Confederate States of America • Davis was previously Senator from Mississippi Key Leaders of the Civil War • Ulysses S. Grant was a Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed. A West Point graduate and Mexican War veteran, Grant had resigned his commission in 1854 over troubles with drinking. When the Civil War began, Grant volunteered his services and by September 1861 was promoted to brigadier general Key Leaders of the Civil War • Robert E. Lee was a Confederate general and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Although Lee opposed secession, he did not believe the Union should be held together by force. At the end of the war, Robert E. Lee urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, even though some Southerners wanted to continue the fight. Key Leaders of the Civil War Frederick Douglass. Douglass was a former slave who became a prominent or important antislavery abolitionist. During the Civil War, Douglass urged President Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union army. Important Battles – Antietam, Gettysburg, and Appomattox • Antietam - A major Union victory over the Confederates as Lee retreated from Maryland back into Virginia (Sept 1862) • Important – because the confidence after this Confederate defeat allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Gettysburg Gettysburg - The Union victory over Confederates at Gettysburg, PA, in July 1863 proved to be the major turning point of the Civil War. 51,000 Union and Confederate troops died. After Gettysburg, it was only a matter of time before the Union crushed the Confederacy. Appomattox Courthouse After a nine-month siege, Lee was forced to abandon Petersburg, VA on April 2, 1865. A week later, he surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. This ended the Civil War. Meeting in the parlor of this house, Lee wore his best dress uniform while Grant, smoking a cigar, was as usual disheveled in appearance. The two quickly came to agreement as Grant offered, and Lee accepted, very generous surrender terms. Four days later, the actual surrender took place as 26,000 Confederates laid down their weapons and were paroled. Emancipation Proclamation • Antietam marked a new stage in President Lincoln’s conduct of the war. On New Year’s Day, 1863 Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This document freed all slaves in the “rebelling” states (seceded Southern states) as of January 1, 1863. This call for emancipation of African-American slaves changed the character of the war. Emancipation Proclamation President Lincoln with his cabinet at the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation on July 22, 1862. Emancipation Proclamation • Previously, preservation of the Union had served as the North’s primary goal. By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln made the destruction of slavery a Northern war aim and this joined the previous war aim of preservation of the Union • This proclamation also discouraged any interference of foreign governments in the war, since neither Great Britain nor France wanted to give the appearance of supporting slavery. • It made the use of black troops a viable option for the North. The Gettysburg Address In November 1863, four months after the North’s great victory at the Battle of Gettysburg, President Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to dedicate a military cemetery. In the Gettysburg Address Lincoln: Described the Union as one nation and not a federation of independent states (In contrast, Southern view – states joined freely, could secede.) Set forth the North’s now dual war aims to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. The Gettysburg Address Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” According to this vision, the institution of African-American slavery must not exist in the United States. Impacts The Civil War had a big impact on AfricanAmericans, the common Soldier, and the home front and women in Virginia African-Americans • Emancipation Proclamation allowed for enlistment of AfricanAmerican Soldiers • Many enslaved AfricanAmericans gained freedom by running behind Union lines as the Army approached The Common Soldier in Wartime • Hand-to-hand combat • Brutal warfare • Lonely and boring camp life • Wartime letters and diaries preserved their experiences After the War • Many soldiers returned to find their homes destroyed • Families in poverty (particularly in the South) • Many on both sides were wounded, crippled and lived with permanent disabilities Women • Assumed non-traditional roles on the home front • Managed homes & families with scarce resources • Frequently faced poverty and hunger • New roles in agriculture, nursing and war industries during the war