Download Chapter Fourteen: The Civil War

Chapter 14: The Civil War
The Secession Crisis
Withdrawal of the South
• 7 states had withdrawn by the
time Lincoln took office
• Confederacy Established
• Failure of Compromise
• Crittenden Compromise
• Extend the Mo. Comp. line
•
•
•
•
2
Fort Sumter
Lincoln’s predicament
South begins war
Four more states break away
• Lincoln: Fed. Govt.
would “hold, occupy,
and posses” Federal
property
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter, SC
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
3
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Lincoln’s Cause:
UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY?
Lincoln cannot lose control of Southern Ohio,
Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States.
“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to
lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot
hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all
against us. And the job on our hands is too large
for us. We would as well consent to separation at
once, including surrender of this capital.”
http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html
Balance of Power
SOUTH
 Defensive Strategy
 Better officers
 Military Culture
 Limited transportation
 Limited manufacturing
 Limited population
(slave revolution?)
NORTH
 Offensive Strategy
 Incompetent/Hesitant
Officers
 Urban culture
 Extensive ports&
transportation system
 Extensive Manufacturing
 Immigration/Population
booming
The Mobilization of the North
• Economic Nationalism
•
•
Homestead and Morrill Acts
Transcontinental Railroad
• National Bank Acts
• State banks could issue U.S. Treasury
• Financing the War
• Greenbacks
• Loans from the people
• Loans from foreign countries
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“Greenbacks” Backed By…
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Raising the Union Armies
• Volunteer militias
•
Called for 3 years of service instead of 3 months
• Conscription laws
•
•
What is Conscription?
How do you avoid it?
• Bounties
• New York City
Draft Riots
• Over 100 dead!
11
DRAFT RIOTS:
NYC draft riots in July 1863. 11 African
Americans lynched. 100 killed.
13
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Wartime Leadership and Politics

Bold Use of Presidential Powers

“It would be foolish to lose the whole by
being afraid to disregard a part” – Lincoln




What does this mean?
Suspended Habeas Corpus
Sent troops into battle w/o Congress
Declared a Southern blockade

“Copperheads”
 “Peace Democrats”

George B. McClellan and election of 1864.

VIDEO: Northern Internal Dissent
15
Copperhead Propaganda
16
The War comes to “Mobtown”






Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time
Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly
mobs and riots
Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks,
Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans…
The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the
election year of 1855.
Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or
Douglas.
Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the
way to his inauguration due to rumors of an
assassination plot.
Trouble Brews…

Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s handling of Ft.
Sumter (attacked on April 12th).

Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for volunteers to
“suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even provocative. Sixth
Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for 90 Day volunteer
enlistment.

Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by mobs
in Baltimore.

Many soldiers are hurt.

The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing and
stabbing him with knives
Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the city.
http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

“Another Lexington”
or another “Boston Massacre”?

6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in Baltimore
April 19th.

An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen.
Many on both sides of fighting are wounded.

21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured.
 Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on the
ground – dies of his wounds.
 Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by
the mob.

Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.

Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC
THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.
“The outbreak of April 19th was not the return of mob law as
Northern papers say. The Unionists are roughs. It resulted
from the irrepressible indignation of the people at seeing
armed men pass over our soil to subjugate our brethren of the
South.”
- McHenry Howard (Baltimore secessionist)
http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01317.jpg
AFTER EFFECTS

On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and Police
Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed.

Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records.

Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.

September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and orders
the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens,
legislators, and newspapermen arrested.

Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern
forts for years, without trial.

Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy
and fortify Federal Hill.
Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862
Photographed by David Bachrach
MHS Library, Special Collections Department
http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32
“After the riots of
1861, Baltimore
illustrated the
nation’s divided
sympathies. If you
were for the
Confederacy, it was
an occupied city. If
you favored the
Union, General
Butler and his
troops were
protecting the city
from the rebels.
Legend reports
that the fort’s
troops enjoyed
pointing out to
nervous locals that
the cannons were
aimed at the
Washington
Monument, located
in the center of the
city, in case of
insurrection.”

VI
Dear Mother! burst the
tyrant's chain,
I
The despot's heel is on thy
shore,

Maryland!
Virginia should not call
in vain,
Maryland!
His torch is at thy temple
door,

Maryland!
She meets her sisters on
the plain"Sic semper!" 'tis the
proud refrain
That baffles minions
back again,

Maryland!
Arise in majesty again,

Maryland! My Maryland!
Maryland, My Maryland




Maryland!
Avenge the patriotic gore
That flecked the streets of
Baltimore,
And be the battle queen of
yore,
Maryland! My Maryland!
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Politics of Emancipation
 Split between the “radical” Republicans and “conservative”
Republicans
 Why?
 Confiscation Act
 All slaves used to support the confederacy would be
considered “free”
 As the war continued, many Republicans began to view
emancipation as the central theme of the war
 Why?
 The Emancipation Proclamation
 The Thirteenth Amendment,1865
 What did these two say?
32
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
CAUSES:
 Lincoln does NOT believe govt. can abolish slavery

HOWEVER, Union army can seize “contraband”
to hurt South’s war effort

Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion,
NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!! Why??

Did the Emancipation Proclamation “ennoble” the
cause of the North? Lincoln?
African Americans, Women and Nursing
•
Growing Black Enlistment
Many more African Americans enlisted after the E.
Proclamation
Low Status of Black Soldiers
•
Menial jobs, lower pay, increased danger if caught
•
•
•
Women’s roles
•
Women began to serve as
Nurses
• Pushed for suffrage and
abolition
34
African-American Troops
(Library of Congress)
Mobilization of the South

Confederate Government
– Similar Constitution
– What did they primarily focus
on?
 Jefferson Davis
 Not very efficient, poor leader
Why did the “States’ Rights”
Argument make it difficult in terms
of fighting the war?
35
Jefferson Davis
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
Money and Manpower
Disastrous Inflation
States did not want to tax their citizens
 Printed Paper money
 9,000% inflation!


Conscription Act

Critical Manpower Shortage
 Out of desperation the Confederacy even
drafted 300,000 slaves, but lost the war before
they could be used.
36
Economic and Social Effects of the War
 Southern Economic Woes




Blockade cut off trade partners
Lost non-slave male workers
Industry declined
War ravaged the land
 New Roles for Women
 Many women were widowed, looked for work
37
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Strategy and Diplomacy
The Commanders
– Lincoln’s strengths. What were they?
– U. S. Grant
– Shared Lincoln’s strategic perspective
– Davis’s Ineffective Command
– No central command
– Wouldn’t share responsibilities
– Robert E. Lee
– Regarded as one of the best generals in
American military history
38
– Lincoln went through many
generals, most notably
George McClellan before
finally landing on Ulysses S.
Grant
Role of Sea Power

Union Naval Superiority
– Advantages:
– 1. enforce a blockade
– 2. assist Union armies in
field operations
– Anaconda Plan
– Monitor v. Merrimac
– Ironclads
– Preserves the Union
blockade
39
USS Monitor
(Library of Congress)
ANACONDA PLAN
40
41
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Europe and the Disunited States

Tactics of Each
– 1.Who did France and England
initially support?
– 2.What changed their minds?
– 3.Why was the Confederacy not as
powerful as they thought they would
be?
– Tension with Britain
– Britain and France remained neutral
 The Trent Affair
 What happened?
 How else did the British help the
Union?
42
Technology of War

Staggering Casualties
618,000 dead





Deadlier Weaponry
How did war begin to change
because of this?
Artillery, repeating rifles, etc.
Dead Union Soldiers at Antietam, 1862
(Library of Congress)
Military Importance of
Railroads
 Why were they so
important?
43
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The Opening Clashes

First Battle of Bull Run
 McDowell and the Union
shocked by Beauregard and the
Confederates
 Lincoln disappointed
 West Virginia
Established
 McClellan impresses
The battlefield at Bull Run, 1861
(Library of Congress)
44
The Western Theater, 1862
•
New Orleans Seized - April 25, 1862
• Why is this so important?
•
Union then seizes Fort Donelson and
Fort Henry (Feb. 1862)
•
Shiloh
Another victory for Grant
Union makes huge progress in West, but
East is the heart of the war
•
•
Ulysses S. Grant
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
45
Chapter Fourteen:
The Civil War
The War in the West, 1861-1863
46
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Rights Reserved.
The Virginia Front, 1862

McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign
– Tried to take Richmond
 Union forces lost at:
Seven Days Battle (South of Richmond)
 Second Battle of Bull Run
 Robert E. Lee heads North
 McClellan has an advantage…why?
 TOO CAUTIOUS!!
47
 Antietam
 “Victory” for the Union
 Why was Lincoln so angry with
McClellan?
 Burnside ineffective, resigns
George McClellan
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
Antietam
48
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All Rights Reserved.
49
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All Rights Reserved.
50
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All Rights Reserved.
1863: Year of Decision

General Hooker takes over Union army
– 1863: Year of Decision
 Chancellorsville
 Another Confederate victory
 Stonewall Jackson dies
 Vicksburg
 Huge victory for Union in the West
 Allows them to control the Mississippi
51
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Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast,
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg.
53
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All Rights Reserved.
Gettysburg and Chattanooga

Lee plans to invade the North








Why?
Hooker fired, George Meade in charge of Union forces
July 1-3 1863
Pickett’s Charge
Huge defeat for the Confederate army
Chattanooga
Union victory
Drove Confederacy out of the Tennessee River
54
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All Rights Reserved.
55
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All Rights Reserved.
Gettysburg, Day #1




July 1, 1863
Union Calvary, John Buford
Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill
Both sides attack, and call for
reinforcements, setting up for a large
battle between the two armies.

**Why were the troops in
Gettysburg in the first
place?

Buford saw how good the land was.
 All roads converge
Confederates had man advantage,
Union positional advantage
**Lee saw the importance of the high
ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1st day
General Meade



Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
Gettysburg, Day #2






July 2, 1863
Reinforcements have arrived
 Union (90,000)
 Confederate (75,000)
Union held the high ground
 “Fish hook”
Longstreet is ordered to attack
Cemetery Ridge
 Misgivings
4:00 pm attack across Wheat field
and Peach orchard
 Union send reinforcements to the
center
Little Round Top


Confederate move to flank the Union
Culp’s Hill

Confederates ran out of sunlight
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg
battlefield. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Gettysburg, Day #3





July 3, 1863
Lee was optimistic going into day 3
 Weakened the Union position
Artillery assault on middle of the line
 Cemetery Ridge
 2 hours
Lee ordered assault on the middle of the
line
 Pickett’s Charge
 Open field
 Union guns had remained silent
 Poor decision?
Confederates prepared for a
counterattack

Meade never ordered!
Pickett’s Charge






12,000 men marching over 1,000
yds!
Union forces from Cemetery Hill
and Little Round Top immediately
opened fire
Confederate troops realized no
backup was coming and were stuck
at the “angle”.
Many began to retreat back to
Seminary Ridge
Pickett lost nearly 3,000 men.
When Pickett returned to Lee, he
was ordered to prepare against a
possible Union counterattack.
 Pickett then replied, “General
Lee, I have no division now.”
Pickett’s Charge
Minie Ball and Rifling
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
(Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew
Brady
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over
25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the
camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in
northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Gettysburg Address
November 1863


Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes
part of national identity.
Lincoln speaks for two minutes



The United States “is” instead of “are”
Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks
for two hours.
Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the
war dead.
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
Grant’s “Total War”
Strategy

March 1864, Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant

Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men

“Blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000 killed) and Cold Harbor (7,000
in 7 minutes)

Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!!
Called a “butcher.” From May 4 to June 18 he loses 65,000 to Lee’s 35,000.
 Why was Lee seen as an effective General?

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those
who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: The War in Virginia, 1864-1865
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Sherman’s March to the Sea




Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander in Mississippi. Sherman
begins “total war” on South
Targets homes, railways, crops, towns
Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta Sept. 1864
After destroying GA, went into SC
GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front.
Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight.
WAS IT A SUCCESS?
It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and
civilians suffered most.
Map: Sherman's March to the Sea
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Appomattox Court House
74

April 9, 1865

Lee embarrassed

Jefferson Davis captured in
Georgia
QUIZ 358-363

1. ______ was the Union general in charge of the
Peninsular campaign

2. _________ was the only battle fought in MD.

3. __________ was a battle won by Grant that gave the
Union control of the Mississippi

4. The battle of ____________ was fought in Penn.

5. T/F Joseph Hooker was a commanding general for the
75Union, not the Confederacy in the North.
QUIZ





1. ________ was the General for the Union that was
most effective
2. _______ was the General for the Confederacy.
3. ___________ was the Secretary of State for the
Union.
4. The first major battle of the Civil War was
____________.
5. This port city was seized in 1862 that crippled
Southern strategy.
76
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All Rights Reserved.