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Major Battles Begin Lincoln’s volunteer are at the near end of the 90 days. General McDowell – the army is not ready or prepared. Lincoln chose to attack Richmond. July 16, 1861 – McDowell marched 35,000 troops to Richmond, VA. There was 22,000 Confederate troops near the town of Manassas at a stream called Bull Run. First Battle of Bull Run inexperienced army could not carry out the plans. Gen. Jackson (Stonewall) – halted the Union advancement. The causalities were high Confederate win: ended thought of a short war, people knew it was going to be a bloody battle. Lincoln calls for 1 million volunteers for three years. Replaced McDowell with George McClellan – wanted a real army. Tactics and Technology Most battle plans were to send a cavalry charging at a weak point in the army lines. This worked well in the Mexican War, but in the Civil War the weapons were better. Guns were better, reloading was quicker, distance and accuracy was better. Iron cannon balls were replaced by shrapnel shells. With new technology – more deaths This would be the 1st modern war. Observation balloons – 1st use of camouflage Machine guns, flamethrowers, gas shells. Railroads and telegraph. The Fight for Mississippi Valley Most successful new weapon – Union’s Ironclads – armed gunboats that were covered with iron. Union surprised the south and attacked along the Tennessee River instead. Feb. 1862 – General Grant (Union) moved up the Tenn. R. with gunboats and 15,000 troops. Captured Fort Henry (Confed. – KY) quickly, then captured Fort Donelson (Confed. – TN). Outcome: Two Major Rivers were wide open for the Union and Confed defense along Miss. R. were open for attack. Grant would continue south to Cornith, Mississippi – r.r. center. The Battle of Shiloh March 1862 – 40,000 Confed. Troops had gathered at Cornith to block Union attack. Grant stops at Pittsburg Landing, TN and wait for 25,000 more troops. April, 1862 – Confed attack Grant – pushed Grant back to the TN River – confed stop at night. Grant received his support troops late that night – and attacked the next morning. Union Victory: 13,000 deaths, and 10,000 Confed deaths Outcome – North realizes that the south was not going to join back with the Union. Miss. R. Campaign Battle of Shiloh open the way for the Union to split the Confed and gain control of all Miss. R. 100,000 troops massed at Pittsburg Landing, 24 ships came through the Gulf of MX to capture New Orleans – south largest city.. Arrived in New Orleans in April 25 – undefended city quickly surrendered Union Victory – worried south that they are losing war. Another fleet arrived from the Missouri River and seized Memphis. Next task was to capture Vicksburg, Miss. – major river stronghold. The War in the East McClellan army is finally ready for war – move army by boat down the Potomac River and attack Richmond from the east. McClellan however, would not move his troops – saying they were not ready. Lincoln lost patience with McClellan – In March 1862 – 100,000 Union troops came upon 15,000 Confed troops. Yorktown – 60 miles from Richmond. McClellan delayed attack – wanted more troops – Lincoln denied, Stonewall Jackson was giving Union troops a fit in other parts of VA. Would not send troops because they would need to protect D.C. Lincoln told McCellan to attack – but he ignored the advice. Waited a month and attacked – Confed retreated to Richmond. McCellan’s delay – Confed had time to gain more troops. The war in the East McCellan again delayed – wanting more troops Confed – Lee sent some troops to help Jackson in western VA. Jackson now has a huge army and pretended he was going to attack D.C. – Lincoln tells McCellan’s reinforcements to stay. Lee and Jackson meet up – combined armies attacked McCellan – Seven Days’ Battles. McCellan won four of the 5 battles but had to retreat. Confed. Victory The Second Battle of Bull Run As McCellan waited to attack Richmond – Lincoln turned Gen. Pope, who was forming a new Union army near D.C. July – Pope moved into northern VA with 50,000 troops. Lincoln ordered McCellan to attack to trap Lee’s forces between the two Union armies. McCellan once again, waited – Lincoln then orded him to withdraw his army from VA and join Pope’s troops. Lee acted before the Union armies could reunite. Aug. 29 – Lee lured Pope into battle near Manasses – and Pope lost Confed Victory –Lincoln puts McCellan back in command. The Union is Invaded The series of defeats in VA – moral in North is low. Gen. Lee knew this and wanted to attack D.C. A victory on Union soil – spark a peace treaty? Maybe convince Britain and France to help the south – if they saw the south could win the war. Moving the war out of VA would give farmers a chance to harvest crops, which was needed to feed the army and people Sept. 1862 – Lee’s army crossed the Potomac into MD. McCellan’s army was in pursuit – a soldier found Lee’s marching orders that had been lost by a Confed soldier McCellan now knows Lee’s plans. The Battle of Antietam McCellan caught up with Lee near Sharpsburg, MD. 70,000 Union troops vs. 40,000 Confed troops. McCellan waits again to attack – allowed Confed to setup defense. Antietam was the bloodiest single day battle in U.S. history. Together 23,000 + casualties – Lee lost a third of his army – McCellan had 25,000 troops waiting in reserve, but didn’t use them. Lincoln gives orders to McCellan to cross the Potamac and fight – McCellan does nothing. Union Victory – Nov. 1862 – Lincoln fires McCellan The Battle of Fredericksburg Lincoln replaced McCellan with General Burnside. Soon he was marching 110,000 men toward Richmond. Lee had 75,000 men in Fredericksburg – Lee expected the Union army to cross a river below or above the town. Burnside charged 14 times at Lee – Union lost 13,000 men, more than twice the number of Confed loses. Confed victory – North plunges into hopelessness.