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Transcript
Reconstruction of the Union An issue of reconstruction – Who had the authority to take charge of reconstructing the Union – the President or Congress? Difficulties of Reconstruction Should former slaves be allowed to vote? Should the Government protect the rights of former slaves? Should the Government give assistance to former slaves? Did the South actually secede? How to Rebuild the Union What role should states play in regard to free slaves? Should Southerners be pardoned or punished? How should governments of Southern states be formed? Presidential Reconstruction 1865-1867 Lincoln’s Plan Leniency/forgiveness Pardon all supporters of the Confederacy-except high officials 10% of pre-war voters take a loyalty oath - establish a state government and reapply for admission New state constitutions must prohibit slavery Publicly endorsed limited black suffrage Radical Republicans Led by congressman Thaddeus Stevens from Pennsylvania Senator Charles Sumner from Mass Insisted black suffrage necessary for Reconstruction South treated as conquered territories Wade-Davis Bill 1864 Passed by Congress because they felt Lincoln’s plan was too lenient 50% of voters to take a loyalty oath States must prohibit slavery States must guarantee equality before the law = equal rights, rights to a fair trial for all citizens Lincoln’s uses “pocket veto” Henry Davis Benjamin Wade Freedmen’s Bureau Help freedmen adjust from slavery Lincoln creates bureau Provides education, medical care, opportunities to lease land for farming Bureau also available for poor whites 13th Amendment (1865) Abolished Slavery President Andrew Johnson Democrat from Tennessee Anti-Southern aristocracy Indifferent to slave issue Own reconstruction plan shaped while congress on vacation Reconstruction Plan: a. general amnesty except for those in leadership class b. States must ratify 13th Amendment c. emancipated slaves agree to work for former owners – not take interest in politics Congressional Reconstruction (Radical) Presidential Reconstruction a failure New Southern State Governments passed: black codes = laws designed to regulate lives of former slaves a. Blacks have limited rights b. Blacks barred from serving on juries, testifying against whites, cannot bear arms, cannot vote. c. must show written evidence of employment every January 10th of each year or face arrest Civil Rights Act (1866) All persons born in U.S. are citizens guaranteed legal rights, except the right to vote Civil rights do not include Indians Bill passes Presidential veto because Southern congressmen not seated – locked out of congress 14th Amendment All native born or naturalized persons are citizens of U.S. and their state Prohibits states from denying citizens equal protection under the law 10 out of 11 Southern states reject amendment Tenure of Office Act Congress passes to limit Johnson’s ability to interfere with its Reconstruction Plan Barred President from removing officeholders without consent of Senate Johnson tries to remove Edwin Stanton because he is ally to Republicans House votes to impeach Johnson – fails by 1 vote Ulysses S. Grant Elected President 1868 Republican Had strong support from black South Lacks political experience – was a war hero Presidency noted for its corruption 15th Amendment Prohibits states from limiting vote because of race Radical Reconstruction Lasted 10 years - 1867-1877 During time Democrats regain control of South African Americans finally elected to higher office at state and national level Hiram Revels and Blanch Bruce – Representatives in Mississippi Senate Radical Reconstruction Carpetbaggers = Northerners came South during and after war to reap spoils of public office – carried belongings in luggage called carpetbags. Many were former soldiers, investors, or volunteers coming to help freedmen Scalawags = native born Southerners who joined Republican party, negative term, most were white farmers hoping to recover wartime economic losses – hated by Confederates South Fails to Develop Prosperous Economy Most slaves do not own land Few employment opportunities: Sharecropping – lease/land: Family rents land, crops then divided between landowner and sharecropper – farmers exploited by landowners and tied to land in debt Crop Lien System : Farmers forced to borrow and pledge against future crops – merchants insist that borrowers grow cotton not food crops South not develop a prosperous and diverse economy Ku Klux Klan Formed in an effort to restore white supremacy Used violence, terror, beatings, lynching, and mass murder to further cause African Americans, scalawags, and Northerners victims Enforcement Acts Aimed at Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Outlawed terrorist societies Authorized the use of the Army against them Rutherford B. Hayes Elected in 1876 Republican Ran against Tilden a Democrat Tilden wins popular vote Election contested by Republicans who claim blacks were denied the vote in Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana Parties agree to compromise Compromise of 1877 Hayes is declared winner of election As winner, Hayes will declare the end of Reconstruction Federal troops withdraw from the South Reconstruction officially ends! The South After The War Radical Reconstruction 1867-1877 •First public schools •African American suffrage •Civil rights laws •Black codes repealed •Railroads and industry financed Economics •Sharecropping •Crop-lien system •Cotton dominates Social Issues •Racist societies (KKK) •Racial violence •US Army arrests terrorists •North loses interest in the south Reconstruction Timeline Lincoln 2nd Term 1864 14th Amend. 1866 War Ends Lincoln Killed 13th Amend. Johnson Impeachment 1868 Tenure of Office Act 15th Amend. 1870 Grant Takes Office Grant Re-elect. 1872 Depres -sion 1874 Hayes Elected 1876 Violence Resumes