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GEORGIA
AND THE
AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
Chapter 9: 1866-1889
Reconstruction and the
New South
© 2005 Clairmont Press
SECTION 1:
LINCOLN AND RECONSTRUCTION
ESSENTIAL
 What
QUESTION
were Lincoln’s plans for
rebuilding the South after the Civil
War?
SECTION 1:
LINCOLN AND RECONSTRUCTION
What
words do I need to know?
 freedmen
 Freedmen’s
Bureau
 Reconstruction
 Thirteenth Amendment
 Nullify
SECTION 1:
LINCOLN AND RECONSTRUCTION
What
people do I need to know?
 Abraham
Lincoln
 John Wilkes Booth
 Andrew Johnson
CONDITIONS IN GEORGIA AT THE END OF
THE WAR:
 farms
were in ruins
 homes, railways, bridges, roads were
destroyed or in need of repair
 not enough food
 banks were closed – Confederate money
was worthless
 the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt
 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or
disease – many more were crippled and
could not work
THE FREEDMEN
 Problems






of freedmen (former slaves):
homeless
hungry
uneducated
free for the 1st time
no property or goods
searching for lost family/friends
 Many
former slaves feared re-enslavement
 Most whites had difficulty treating freeman
as free persons
THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU
 Started
as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
and Abandoned Lands by U.S. government in
1865
 Its
job was to help freed slaves and poor whites
with basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter
 The
purpose shifted to education
1. Set up 4,000 primary schools
2. Started 64 industrial schools for jobs training
3. Started 74 teacher-training schools
 Missionaries
started schools like Atlanta
University, Morehouse College, and Clark
College
LINCOLN’S PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION
 Lincoln
wanted to rebuild and return the south
to the Union ASAP
 “Reconstruction”
1.
2.
would have two parts:
Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath of
allegiance;
When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could rejoin
the Union and form a state government.
 Lincoln
was assassinated in April 1865 during a
play at Ford’s Theater by actor John Wilkes
Booth.
 Vice
President Andrew Johnson took over as
President.
REACTIONS TO
LINCOLN’S PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION
 Lincoln’s
plan to reconstruct the south was
challenged. Some northerners called “Radical
Republicans” thought the south should be more
severely punished.
 The Radical Republicans wanted to make sure
the freedmen retained their new rights.
 Reward was offered for the capture of
Confederate President Jefferson Davis…..he
was captured and imprisoned.
JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
 Expanded
the groups of southerners not granted
general pardon.
 The following categories had to apply directly to the
President for pardon:


Who had owned property worth more than $20,000, or
Who held high civil or military positions
 In
addition to Lincoln’s requirements, President
Johnson added a few more. Southern states had to:
approve (ratify) the 13th Amendment (outlawing slavery);
 nullify their ordinances of secession;
 Annul Confederate war debt.

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RECONSTRUCTION VIEWS
Presidential Reconstruction
(President Johnson’s Plan)
10%+
Radical Republican
Reconstruction
-Destroy political power of former
slaveholders
-Give AA full citizenship & right
to vote
-Harsh punishments for the
south & loyal oaths
-Military districts
-End all slavery-based politics
th
13
Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Abolish slavery and involuntary
servitude in the United States.
14th Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
*
Defined U.S. citizenship for ALL
persons born in the United States,
including African Americans; no citizen
deprived of their rights.
Southern states would be punished
for denying the right to vote to
black citizens!
th
15
Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 Removed restrictions on voting based on
race, color, or even having been a slave;
granted the right to vote to all MALE U.S.
citizens over the age of 21.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!
SECTION 2:
RECONSTRUCTION IN GEORGIA
ESSENTIAL

QUESTION
What changes occurred in Georgia
during Reconstruction?
SECTION 2:
RECONSTRUCTION IN GEORGIA
What
words do I need to know?
 provisional
 discrimination
 Black
Codes
 Fourteenth Amendment
 carpetbagger
 scalawag
 Ku Klux Klan
SECTION 2:
RECONSTRUCTION IN GEORGIA
What
words do I need to know?
 suffrage
 Georgia
Act
 Fifteenth Amendment
 impeach
 sharecropping
 credit
 tenant farming
SECTION 2:
RECONSTRUCTION IN GEORGIA
What
people do I need to know?
 James
Johnson
 General John Pope
 Henry McNeal Turner
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1865




President Johnson appointed James Johnson as
Georgia’s provisional Governor.
Governor Johnson held a Constitutional Convention.
The representatives voted to abolish slavery and repeal
the ordinance of secession.
Elections were held in November 1865 for a new
legislature.
The General Assembly voted to extend rights to
freedmen.
BLACK CODES (LOOP HOLE…)

Black Codes were laws passed to keep freedmen from
having the same rights as whites.
 Didn’t
allow blacks: the same jobs as
whites, the right to vote, the right to
marry a white person, jury service, or
the right to testify.
 Blacks
could be: whipped as
punishment, forced to work from
sunrise to sunset six days per week, or
put in jail if they didn’t have a job.
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
 Congress
was angry about Georgia’s Black
Codes, so it passed the Civil Rights Act of
1866. This law gave:

citizenship to all freedmen;

the federal government power to intervene any time
civil rights were taken from freedmen.
 The
14th Amendment was passed granting
citizenship to freedmen and required “equal
protection under the law.”
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
 Congress required
14th Amendment.
southern states to ratify the
 Georgia
and most of the other southern states
refused to ratify the amendment.
 Congress
abolished these states’ governments
and put them under military rule.
 Georgia
 Pope
was ruled by General John Pope.
was required to register all male voters –
black and white. These voters would elect new
representatives to form a new state government.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1867
 Georgia
male voters elected delegates to the
convention to create a new state constitution.
 Delegates
were (12)conservative whites,
(9)carpetbaggers, (most)scalawags, and
(36)blacks.
 Accomplishments
of the Convention:

A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all
citizens;

Free public education for all children;

Women were allowed to control their own property.
 Georgia
had satisfied Congress, so General Pope
and his troops left the state.
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN POLITICS
 The
election of 1867 was the first time African
Americans had voted.
 Several
African Americans were elected to
Georgia’s General Assembly.
 Rev.
Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first
black men elected in Georgia.
 The
African Americans elected to the General
Assembly were expelled in 1868.
 It
was argued by whites that civil rights laws
gave blacks the right to vote but not to be
elected.
KU KLUX KLAN
 Secret
organization – originally started as a
social club for men returning from the war.
 Members
hid behind robes and masks.
 Goal:
The group terrorized blacks to keep them
from voting.
 As
a result, Congress passed “The Georgia Act”
and sent troops back to Georgia.
 The
act required Georgia to pass the 15th
Amendment giving all males the right to vote.
ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION
 Without
slaves, landowners needed laborers to
work their large farms.
 Two
systems emerged: tenant farming and
sharecropping.
 Cotton
was Georgia’s most important crop.
 Continuous
growing of tobacco and cotton
ruined the soil on many farms.
 Railroads
expanded across the state.
 Savannah
and Brunswick became important
shipping ports.
 Atlanta
began its growth into an important
business center.
TENANT FARMING AND
SHARECROPPING
Sharecropping
Tenant Farming
•Landowner provides a house, land, •Landowner provides house and
equipment, animals, fertilizer and
land.
seeds.
•The landowner issued credit to the
worker to buy medicine, food,
clothing and other supplies.
•The landowner gets a share of the
crop and crops to pay any debt
owed.
•Sharecroppers rarely had any
cash.
•Landowner received a set amount
of cash or a portion of the crop at
the end of the season.
•Tenant farmers usually made a
small profit.
THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION
 The
African Americans who had been expelled
from the General Assembly in 1868 were
readmitted by the Georgia Supreme Court in
1870.
 The
Assembly approved the 14th and 15th
Amendments.
 Georgia
was readmitted to the Union, again,
ending Reconstruction.
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