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Civil War
Chapter 2, Section 1
SECESSION
• North: Union
•
– Capital: Washington, DC
– President: Abe Lincoln
South: Confederacy
– Capital: Richmond, VA
– President: Jefferson Davis
UNION STRENGTHS
NORTH WAS BETTER PREPARED FOR WAR
-DOUBLE AMOUNT OF RAILROAD
-TWICE AS MANY FACTORIES
-WELL BALANCED ECONOMY
-FUNCTIONING GOVT.
-EXISTING ARMY/NAVY (SMALL)
-POPULATION OF THE NORTH
-larger number (2/3 of total) and more
diverse
CONFEDERACY STRENGTHS
• 7 OF 8 MILITARY COLLEGES WERE IN THE SOUTH
• MAJORITY OF TRAINED OFFICERS WERE
•
•
•
SOUTHERNERS
MAINTAIN DEFENSIVE POSITION
FAMILIAR WITH THE LAND
FIGHTING TO PRESERVE THEIR WAY OF LIFE
UNION STRATEGY
• LINCOLN ORDERED A NAVAL BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN STATES
– Keep South from exporting products (cotton) out to Europe
– Keep South from importing needed goods
• KNOWN AS ANACONDA PLAN (snake that coils and crushes victim
to death slowly)
• NOT MUCH SUPPORT BECAUSE MANY WANTED A QUICK VICTORY,
BUT LINCOLN THOUGHT THAT IT WOULD ALLOW UNION TO
PREPARE
CONFEDERATE STRATEGY
• “WAR OF ATTRITION” - INFLICT
•
CONTINUOUS LOSSES ON THE ENEMY IN
ORDER TO WEAR DOWN ITS STRENGTH.
DID IT WORK?
STOP EXPORTING COTTON TO EUROPE, TO
“ENCOURAGE” EUROPE TO HELP. DID IT
WORK?
TECHNOLOGY AND TACTICS
• TROOP FORMATION
– Mass charging of army was effective in the
past. Less effective during this war
• WEAPONS AND ARTILLARY
– More accurate and quicker reload
• MANY MEN DIED NEEDLESSLY DUE TO
GENERALS REFUSAL TO CHANGE
TRADITIONAL METHODS
Battles:
1. 1st Battle of Bull Run: Confederacy won.
1.
First major battle of the Civil War
–
The 1st Battle of Bull Run and Shiloh proved that this
was going to be a long and difficult war
2. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson:
On the Mississippi. Important to the north to
control. North successful
3. Shiloh: Bloodiest battle in N. America to that
point. North won.
4. Battle of 7 Pines: No clear victor, Confederacy
leadership fell to Robert E. Lee
5. 2nd Battle of Bull Run: Confederacy won.
6. Battle of Antietam: North won. Bloodiest battle
to that point.
1.
2.
12,000 Union
14, 000 Confederates
MONITOR VS. MERRIMACK
• MERRIMACK- SOUTHERNERS BOLTED
IRON PLATES TO A WOODEN STEAMSHIP
• LINCOLN ORDERED CONSTRUCTION OF
A SIMILAR SHIP – “MONITOR”
• TWO SHIPS HAD ONE ENCOUNTER,
Merrimack withdrew
– No clear victor
• Significance:
– WOODEN NAVY SHIPS BECAME OBSOLETE
ROBERT E. LEE
• GRADUATED 2ND IN HIS
•
•
•
CLASS FROM WEST POINT
OPPOSED SLAVERY
AND SECESSION
LINCOLN OFFERED HIM
COMMAND OF UNION
FORCES
“I CANNOT RAISE MY HAND
AGAINST MY BIRTHPLACE,
MY HOME, MY CHILDREN”
LIFE BEHIND THE LINES
Chapter 2, section 2
Politics in the South
• Differences caused conflict
– South had to rely on what they had
– North more resources
– North and South similar Constitutions, except
for:
• Slavery
• States Rights
Politics in the South (cont)
• General Lee called for a draft
– 3 years required military service (18-35)
– Extended volunteers service for another 2
years
– 20 or more slaves exempt
– Could hire someone to go in your place
Politics in the South (cont)
• South took control of economy
–
–
–
–
1/10 of all farmers produce
Seized railroad
Determined what was grown and how much
Imposed taxes on personal incomes
Many Southerners did not like these practices
and rebelled
- Not a lot of help from Europe
- France and Britain toyed with the idea of recognizing
the Confederacy, but did not.
Politics in the North
• Republicans were in control and passed
several laws
-Homestead Act (1862)
-Raised tariffs to protect northern
industries
• Taxes
– Personal income tax—3% if over $800
– Tax on products
Politics in the North (cont)
• Reformed the banking system
(Greenbacks-national currency-1862)
• Imposed draft
• “Muscled” states
– Arrested state legislators who were suspected
of being disloyal
– Martial law
Politics in the North (cont)
• Copperheads (those that opposed the
war)
• Lincoln responded to opposition
– Jailed protestors
– Suspended habeas corpus
– Used army to shut down papers, etc.
– Denied use of mail
Emancipation
• Lincoln’s response to slavery
– Did not support it, but believed he did not
have the power to outlaw it
– Viewed it as a strategy to win the war
– Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
(January 1, 1863)
-had little effect on slavery
-slaves would be free in the southern states,
when North won the war
African Americans Fight
• Viewed as “contraband” and freed. Many
worked in army
• After Emancipation Proclamation, African
Americans joined combat units
• 10% of Union soldiers
• 54th Massachusetts Infantry
– “Glory”
Hardships of War
• Union’s policy on slavery brought more
Africans to fight for North and depleted
the South’s work force
• Both sides faced economical and social
hardships
Hardships of War (cont)
• Southern Economy
– Food shortages/riots
– Farmers refused to grow food crops
– Industry grew, but could not provide all
products needed
– Inflation rampant
Hardships of War (cont)
• Northern Economy
– Women worked
– Most industries grew and thrived
• War related industries, especially
– Philip Armour: packaged pork
– Samuel Colt: guns
Hardships of War (cont)
• Prison Camps
– Andersonville, GA:
• Built to hold 10,000, later housed 35,000
• 100 soldiers died a day
• Camp’s commander was the only soldier to be tried
as a war criminal and hanged.
Hardships of War (cont)
• Medical conditions were terrible
• Soldiers were 3X’s more likely to die in a
camp or in a hospital, due to disease, than
on battlefield
• Clara Barton/American Red Cross
• United States Sanitary Commission (1861)
TIDE OF WAR TURNS
Chapter 2 section 3
Fredricksburg and Chancellorsville
• Battle of Fredricksburg: Confederacy won
• Chancellorsville: Confederacy won
– Lee’s most brilliant victory because he divided his
forces and attacked on both sides
• Low point for the Union. Lincoln stated: “If
there is a worst place than hell, I am in it.”
• Some Northern leaders considered making
peace with the Confederacy
FREDRICKSBURG, VIRGINIA
Tensions: North Leadership
• McClellan (one of Lincoln’s generals) had
already been fired twice by Lincoln
because he was too cautious!
• This caused tension between McClellan
and Lincoln
• Later this tension between them surfaced
in a presidential campaign
• Other northern generals did not want to
be too cautious—just the opposite.
Caused many Union soldier deaths
– Fredricksburg
– Chancellorsville
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
July 1-3 1863
GETTYSBURG
• Greatest Battle ever fought in North
America
– Both sides positioned themselves along
separate ridges
• Open book to page 107-110
• Read together in class
• OUTCOME:
– UNION LOST 23,000
– CONFEDERACY LOST 28,000
– CONFEDERACY RETREATED BACK TO
VIRGINIA.
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
May-July 1863
• VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI
• Siege: surrounded and starved to force surrender
• UNION TRIED SEVERAL TIMES TO TAKE VICKSBURG
– WHY?: UNION NEEDED TO CONTROL THE WHOLE MISSISSIPPI
RIVER
• SIEGE PROVED TO BE SUCCESSFUL: July 4, 1963
• AFTER CONFEDERATES IN VICKSBURG SURRENDERED:
1) GRANT ELEVATED TO UNION GENERAL
2) FINAL PIECE OF THE RIVER PUZZLE
3) POPULAR SUPPORT FOR LINCOLN
IMPORTANCE OF 1863
• JULY 4, 1863:
– MOST JOYOUS SINCE THE FIRST ONE – 87
YEARS PRIOR
• SLAVES COULD CELEBRATE AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
• HOLIDAY- TURNING POINT OF CIVIL
WAR: UNION WAGE A WAR OF
ATTRITION
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
NOVEMBER 19, 1863
• 15,000 – CEMETARY DEDICATION
• LINCOLN’S SPEECH – GETTYSBURG
ADDRESS
• 2 MINUTE SPEECH THAT EXPLAINED THE
MEANING OF THE CIVIL WAR
– Importance of speech not realized until later
• FREEDOM AND EQUALITY BELONGED TO
EVERYOE
A NEW BIRTH
OF FREEDOM
Chapter 2 section 4
End of the War Strategy:
• CONFEDERATE’S STRATEGY:
– HOLD ON!! If the war drags on, the North
will replace Lincoln with a president willing to
grant the South their independence
• UNION STRATEGY:
– WEAR DOWN THE CONFEDERACY—War of
attrition
BATTLES
Battle of Wilderness: Confederacy won, but
Union went around the Confederate army
and pushed on.
• Battle of Spotsylvania: Confederacy won,
but the north still pushed south and
onward.
• Battle of Cold Harbor: Confederacy won,
but Union only 8 miles from Richmond
(Confederate capital)
• Petersburg: Union attacked and failed.
Lay siege on city
SHERMAN IN GEORGIA
• SHERMAN (Union)-MOVING FROM
CHATTANOOGA, TN TO ATLANTA, GA with
98,000 men
• Wanted the important rail and industrial
center
• CONFEDERACY WANTED TO HOLD
SHERMAN OFF FROM REACHING ATLANTA
UNTIL THE ELECTION
– UNION BOMBARDED/LAY SEIGE TO ATLANTA
– SEPTEMBER-CONFEDERACY LEFT ATLANTA
“ATLANTA TO THE SEA”
• “THE CRUELER WAR IS, THE SOONER IT WILL
•
BE OVER” - UNION GENERAL SHERMAN ONCE
WROTE
NOVEMBER 1864- SHERMAN LED 62,000
TROOPS FROM ATLANTA TO SAVANNAH
– ATLANTA-EVACUATED AND BURNED
• 300 MILE LONG PATH OF DESTRUCTION
• ARRIVAL IN SAVANNAH: DECEMBER 21, 1864
– Presented the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift to
President Lincoln
ELECTION OF 1864
• REPUBLICANS NOMINATED ANDREW JOHNSON
TO RUN AS LINCOLN’S V.P. (DEMOCRAT, PROUNION SOUTHERNER)
– Stand: End slavery and the war
• DEMOCRATS NOMINATED-GEORGE MCCLELLAN
– PROMISED AN END TO THE WAR
– McClellan happy to oppose Lincoln. WHY???
• LINCOLN WON AN EASY VICTORY (212 OF 233)
13th AMENDMENT
• FEBRUARY 1865- CONGRESS PASSED 13TH
AMENDMENT, BECAME LAW ON
DECEMEMBER 18, 1865
• ENDED SLAVERY
END OF THE WAR
• GRANT WAS IN RICHMOND,VA AND SHERMAN
•
WAS COMING FROM SAVANNAH,GA
SHERMAN’S TWO GOALS:
– DESTROY THE REMAINING RESOURCES
– CRUSH THE WILL OF THE CONFEDERACY TO FIGHT
• SOUTH CAROLINA WAS DESTROYED (HARSH)
– First to secede from the Union
• NORTH CAROLINA- DESTRUCTION STOPPED
APPOMATTOX
April 1865
• LEE’S ARMY REACHED APPOMATTOX COURT
HOUSE, VA
• CONFEDERATES WERE SURROUNDED
• LEE’S MEN SUGGESTED FIGHTING LIKE
GUERRILLAS (HIT AND RUN TACTICS)
• LEE REJECTED THIS IDEA (KNEW IT WAS
OVER)
LEE AND GRANT
At Appomattox
• MET IN A PRIVATE HOME
• DISCUSSED TERMS OF THE SURRENDER
– SOUTHERN SOLDIERS COULD TAKE THEIR
HORSES AND GO HOME
– NOT BE PUNISHED AS TRAITORS
– GRANT FED THE STARVING CONFEDERATE
ARMY
• Grant said, “THE REBELS ARE OUR
COUNTRYMEN AGAIN”
LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION
April 14, 1865
• GROUP OF SOUTHERNER CONSPIRATORS
WORKED OUT A PLAN
• KIDNAP LINCOLN- EXCHANGED HIM FOR
CONFEDERATE P.O.W.’S
• JOHN WILKES BOOTH
– MANY UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS
• PLAN CHANGED
– CALLED FOR THE DEATH OF GRANT,
JOHNSON, AND LINCOLN
ASSASSINATION
• APRIL 14, 1865 BOOTH SLIPPED INTO
•
•
LINCOLN’S UNGUARDED BOX AT FORD’S
THEATER IN D.C.
LINCOLN SHOT IN THE HEAD
BOOTH JUMPED DOWN TO THE STAGE AND
BROKE HIS LEG (ESCAPED OUT BACK ALLEY)
– TOBACCO BARN IN VIRGINIA
– REFUSED TO SURRENDER- SHOT BY HIMSELF OR A
SOLDIER
• LINCOLN DIED NEXT MORNING
• 14 DAY TRIP FROM D.C. TO SPRINGFIELD
What is the Importance
of the Civil War?
• The United States is a unified nation
• The United States gained new citizens
– Newly freed slaves
• The United States government is one that
strives for equality
Michigan Department of Education
High School Content Expectations
U.S. History and Geography
• F1.1d
• F1.1e
• F1.2
• F2.1b
• F2.1c
• F2.1g