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The Verge of War I. North and South Try to Compromise •A. The Slavery Issue in the West – 1. Win in Mexican War made conflict worse. – 2. 1820 population favored the North • More seats in the House of Representatives 15 slave states 3. 1849 there were 15 free and ___ * Debate over status of new western territories as ______ slave states. B. Congressional Debate Begins • 1. Wilmot’s __________ Proviso (condition added to a bill) proposed a ban on slavery in all former Mexican __________ territory. 2. Calhoun’s debate called the “Platform of the South” said that Congress couldn’t ban slavery. 3. Stephen Douglas proposed popular sovereignty – allowing each state to vote and decide. C. Issues Affect Election Results • 1. The (anti-slavery) ____________ Free Soil Party was formed – its campaign slogan stating “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” • 2. 1848 – “Old Rough and Ready” _______________ Zachary Taylor wins the election – but took no position on slavery. • 3. CA and NM wanted to ban (deny) slavery. D. Compromise of 1850 • 1. Proposed by Henry Clay • 2. Included 5 new laws: – A. CA - _________ free state – B. NM organized with Popular sovereignty ___________________. – C. UT organized with ___________________. Popular sovereignty slave trade must – D. The _______ end in Washington, DC. – E. Federal government would return provide aid in the ________ of runaway slaves. • 3. Congressional debate over compromise – A. Calhoun asked, “How can the Union be preserved?” – B. Daniel Webster replied, 1844 Political Cartoon showing “I speak today for the presidential candidates Polk and preservation of the Union ______________________.” Clay. (Andrew Jackson, Daniel Webster, Martin Van Buren look on) 4. In 1850, after President Taylor’s death, President What if Clay had won? Could _________________ backed Millard Fillmore slavery have continued and Clay’s compromise. would there have been a Civil War? E. All Southern States Accepted the Compromise of 1850 With Certain Conditions: • 1. Fugitive Slave Law must be obeyed. • 2. Congress cannot abolish slavery in Washington, DC. • 3. Congress cannot deny new slave territories. F. Conflict Arises • 1. Many Northerners refused to obey the __________________ Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. • 2. Southern leaders were again claiming state sovereignty. G. Election of 1852 – Franklin Pierce Supported The Compromise And Won By A Landslide. II. Compromises Fail A. Compromise of 1850 Only Lasts 2 Years Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Story about slaves & their owners in South Stirred up strong feelings: North – Masterpiece, South - Lie Stowe is from the North - minister’s daughter History of helping fugitive slaves – A gifted writer - many began to think about slavery B. Kansas-Nebraska Act Bill introduced by Senator Stephen Douglas To organize these territories - proposes popular sovereignty Conflicts with earlier MO Compromise Would allow a transcontinental RR E. Coast - Chicago to the W. Coast Southerners wanted RR to cross TX • Purpose of the Gadsden Purchase 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passes Stirs northern emotions - Whig party splits South - Democratic majority North - Free-Soil joins Republicans “Bleeding Kansas” bloodshed over slave vote May 1856 – While sitting at his desk in the Senate chamber, Senator Charles Sumner is savagely beaten with a cane by Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina C. Election of 1856 John C. Fremont (Republican) vs. Winner - James Buchanan (Democrat) Buchanan carries Southern vote D. Dred Scott Case A black slave in Missouri Travels (with owner) to (free) Illinois & Wisconsin, but returns to MO Abolitionists support suing for freedom Supreme Court Decision: Where a slave lives does not matter Slaves have no Constitutional rights They are property of owners and Congress cannot deny movement of property • Outcomes: – 1. Missouri Compromise Unconstitutional – 2. Slavery is protected under the Constitution – 3. Amendment required to abolish slavery III. The South Leaves the Union A. Election of 1860 • 1. Abraham Lincoln becomes 16th President Carries the N & W, 40% of popular vote • 2. Secession Feared Not favored by every slave state • - Lincoln pledges not to touch existing slave states B. Inauguration March 1861 – 7 States Already Seceded C. Confederate States of America Formed Jefferson Davis – President (former Mississippi senator) New constitution based on idea of states rights within the Confederacy D. Lincoln Refuses to Recognize the Confederacy Believed – states have no right to secede • * Strategy: • If war – Confederates will fire first IV. War Begins – Union vs. Confederacy A. Fort Sumter (Charleston, SC) April 1861 Union troops occupied – low on supplies Confederate orders – Attack if re-supplied Ships arrive, negotiation fails Confederate troops bombard for 36 hours * Union surrenders – No battle deaths B. Battle Sparks Union Patriotism – Support For War C. Border States – MO, KY, DE, MD – Stay In Union D. West Virginia (Union) – Breaks From Virginia E. Sides Are Chosen – Families, Friends, Military Officers, States • Robert E. Lee – Initially loyal to Union, but ultimately to VA • Gifted military officer F. Northern (Federal) Plan: • 1. Gain control of Confederacy’s vast lands • 2. Defeat southern armies • 3. Destroy Confederacy’s desire & ability to fight – Goals: – a. Capture (Confederate) Capital – Richmond, VA – b. Control the Mississippi River (separates E & W) – c. Stop Confederate trade abroad: Export: Cotton Import: Military supplies • Slow start – lacked military strength G. Confederate Plan – Defend Home Cause •Has skilled military H. First Major Fighting Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA) July 1861 Confederate General Thomas “Stone Wall” Jackson blocks Northern advance Union troops retreat to Washington, DC Dec. 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, VA V. The Turning Point – Summer 1863 A. Gettysburg, PA - July 1-3 Union Commander George Meade knows Lee’s intention Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee – needed surprise attack – 1. Battle lasted 3 days Day 1 – Only partial fighting Union troops retreat to Cemetery Ridge Gettysburg - Days 2 & 3 – Intense fighting Pickett’s Charge – final Confederate charge (15K soldiers) Forced to retreat & return to VA • 2. Union Victory - heavy casualties (both sides) B. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address (Nov. 1863) • Speech for dedication of Soldiers National Cemetery C. Vicksburg, Miss. – 3 Months Fighting Ends July 4th City heavily defended by Confederate army Protects the Mississippi River – Union victory separates SE from SW D. Chattanooga, TN – Fall 1863 • Union Victory – Gains major communication & transportation center E. Confederate Army Struggles – Union Victory Seems Evident •*Grant now Commander of Union forces *General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of West F. Grant Sends Sherman to Attack Atlanta, GA • a. Orders: Destroy Confederates’ ability to fight – 1. Occupies Atlanta – Sept. 1864 – 2. Moves east & destroys 60 mi. wide path – Atlanta to Savannah – 3. Destroyed all supplies for Confederate army • b. Sherman enforces the Emancipation Proclamation Plantations raided (owners at war) c. Savannah to Columbia, SC – destroys all supply lines in-between G. Naval Battles • 1. North imposes a blockade of all southern ports Strategy – cut off supply lines * South used fast ships “blockade runners” • 2. Modern naval warfare begins (1862) The ship Merrimac is captured early – Confederates rename it Virginia – it becomes an ironclad battleship Union Monitor – ironclad battleship – fights the Virginia Battle ends in standoff 3. (1865) Union Navy stronger – blocks most Confederate supply ships H. Richmond Becomes Focus Grant advances south – meets Lee’s forces Battle of the Wilderness (northern Virginia) Spotsylvania Cold Harbor (10 mi. from Richmond) Richmond, VA (Confederate capital) – Grant uses siege warfare Lee’s troops outnumbered 2:1, fight trench warfare • 9 month siege – Grant captures Richmond VI. The War Ends - Appomattox Court House, Virginia A. Richmond falls to Union troops – April 1, 1865 B. Grant pursues Lee to Appomattox C. Lee Surrenders April 9 •D. Confederate President Jefferson Davis captured May 10 * May 26 – Last Confederate Army Surrenders Study Guide – Civil War Unit Directions: Write the term that best fits each description. 1. Plan proposed by Henry Clay to keep the number of slave and free states equal ___________________ Missouri Compromise 2. Proposed law to ban slavery in lands won from Mexico Wilmot Proviso ______________ 3. Loyalty to a state or section rather than to the country as sectionalism a whole ____________ 4. Policy that would allow the people of a territory to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery Popular sovereignty ________________ 5. War between people of the same country ___________ civil war 6. Antislavery author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin ___________________ Harriet Beecher Stowe 7. President who supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act ______________ Franklin Pierce 8. Slave who sued for his freedom because he had lived Dred Scott in free territory__________ 9. Law proposed by Stephen Douglas of Illinois that allowed territories to organize and choose whether they would become free or slave states Kansas-Nebraska ________________ Act 10.They rejoiced at the Dred Scott decision___________ southerners 11.Democratic candidate that was elected President in 1856_________________ James Buchanan 12.Proposal by Henry Clay that involved five new laws on the issue of slavery, it was negotiated between North & South before it became law Compromise of 1850 __________________ 13. Law that caused great conflict in the North because it required escaped slaves to be returned to their owners Fugitive Slave Law _________________ 14. Former slave and abolitionist, he had two sons fighting with the Massachusetts 54th, the all black regiment that attacked Fort Wagner____________ Frederick Douglass 15. Slave state that chose to remain in the Union during the Civil War _________ Maryland 16.________________________ William Tecumseh Sherman was the Union general who led the “march to the sea” after capturing Atlanta, destroying the Confederacy’s ability to fight. 17.The Battle of _________ Gettysburg was seen as being a turning point in the Civil War. 18.The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, when Lee Appomattox Court House surrendered to Grant at _______________________. 19.Location where the first shots of the Civil War were Fort Sumter fired was ____________. 20.Part of the __________ plan was to gain control of the Federal enemy’s vast lands and destroy their desire to fight. 21.President Lincoln appointed _______________ Ulysses S. Grant as commander of the Union forces in 1864. 22.______________ Jefferson Davis was president of the Confederate States of America (CSA). 23.The ____________ Confederacy had an early advantage because they possessed many skilled military officers. 24.____________________ Vicksburg, Mississippi was located along the Mississippi River and a key battle location, where fighting lasted three months. Richmond, Virginia became the 25.At the end of the war, __________________ focus of the Union’s advances because it was the capital of the Confederacy.