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Resources, Strategies,
and Early Battles
Advantages for the Union

Advantage in
Population (22 million
vs. 5.5 million)
– To serve in the military
– To work in the factories




Better industry to
produce war goods
Control of railroads
Bigger Navy than the
South
Established govt and
leadership
Advantages for the Confederacy
A reason to fight,
the southern way
of life
 Strong military
leaders

– Robert E. Lee
– General Stonewall
Jackson

Fighting a
defensive war on
their own territory
Confederate Strategy


Defend the South until the North gives up
Ally with France and GB
– The South needed them for the trade of cotton and protection
– This never happens though
Union Strategy
 The
Anaconda
Plan (3 parts)
– Blockade of all
Southern ports
– Split the
Confederacy in 2
down the
Mississippi River
– Take the
Confederate capital
of Richmond
Border States



Missouri, Kentucky,
Delaware, and
Maryland were slave
states that had not
seceded yet
These are known as
border states
In order to keep them
in the Union, Lincoln
promised to not
interfere with slavery
where it existed
New Technologies
Theses new methods of warfare will cause
a rise in the death toll
 Wooden ships to ironclad…..more on this
later

New Technologies
Mini balls replaced
the cone shaped
bullets
 These were more
accurate
 These were made
out of softer
lead…effect?

New Technologies


The repeating rifle
This could be fired up to 16 times before
reloading
New Technologies
 New
tactics
included new
marching
formations and
the use of
trenches
Early Battles
The 1st major
battle occurred at
Bull Run (or
Manassas) in
Virginia
 The Confederates
were able to push
back the Union at
this battle

Some bystanders had picnics to
watch the battle. They were
unaware of how bloody and brutal
these battles would be. The war
was not as many expected
General Stonewall Jackson
The leader of the
Confederates here
was General
Thomas Jonathan
Jackson
 His brave stance
earned him the
nickname
“Stonewall”

Union Generals
 Gen.
George B
McClellan fought
for the Union in
the northern
parts of the Civil
War
 Gen. Ulysses S
Grant fought for
the union in the
southern battles
Battle of Shiloh
 This
The “Hornets Nest” at Shiloh.
Why do you think it was called
this?
battle took
place in
Tennessee
 Gen. Grant led
the Union, but
fought terribly
 This battle
horrified both
sides as over
25,000 men died
The Union Takes New Orleans
 The
Anaconda
Plan was
underway when
the Union took
New Orleans
 This would mean
that they could
sail up the
Mississippi River
as planned
The Union Takes New Orleans
The Union
was led by
David
Farragut
 After this was
taken,
Farragut and
Grant will
both merge
on Vicksburg

The Ironclads




In 1862, each side
used ships made of
iron, not wood
These are called
Ironclads
The Monitor and
Merrimack fought it
out with no real
results
This did, however,
signal the end of
the wooden ships
African Americans and
the War
The Push Toward Emancipation
What would Union
officers do with
slaves they came
across?
 Gen Butler declare
them contraband,
or captured war
supplies
 Fremont freed
slaves he came
across

General Butler
Antietam
Gen. Lee marched
confidently into
Maryland
 He was hoping a
victory on Union
soil would force
Union surrender
 Also trying to reach
food, supplies for
his troops

Antietam
Lee invited
Marylanders to join
the Confederates
 Few respond, and
the Union had
discovered Lee’s
battle plans
 Lee has now lost
the crucial element
of surprise

Antietam
 September
17, 1862
 23,000 soldiers lay dead or wounded
by the end of the day
 The bloodiest single day battle of the
Civil War
 Union loses more men, but Lee
retreats to Virginia
 Union victory
Emancipation Proclamation




Sept. 22, 1862 –
Lincoln frees all
enslaved people in
states still in rebellion
(not border states)
He hoped that this
would cause some
confederate states to
surrender before it is
passed
Criticism?
The war is now about
slavery
African Americans Join the Fight




Need for soldiers led
to the Militia Act
This would allow
African Americans to
serve in the military
(but in segregated
units)
54th Massachusetts
Regiment was an all
volunteer, African
American Regiment
that served bravely
180,000 total would
volunteer and serve
African American Soldiers
54th Mass led by
Robert Gould Shaw
 Led attack on Ft
Wagner, most died
in this attack
 One received the
Congressional
Medal of Honor

African American Soldiers




AA’s still faced
discrimination
Often given little tasks
(cook, clean, etc)
Fort Pillow – Captured
AA soldiers (100) were
massacred by the
Confederacy
70,000 total AA’s died
in the Civil War
Slaves Still Help the Union




Many whites left
plantations for safety
of cities
Slaves were left to
farm, and were
enlisted when Union
forces found them
Some used as spies
Others simply leave
and form own lives
Life During the War
The Northern Home Front

Impact on the
Northern economy:
– Paying for the military
was expensive
– An income tax was
established to help
– Also, tariffs raised to
make more money and
help out Northern
industry
– Bonds were biggest
source of revenue for
the govt.

Northern Economy
Government also began issuing paper
money called “greenbacks”
– Provided a single, common currency for all of
the US
Homestead Act

Homestead Act: Made western land available at
low cost
– Only requirement of those buying the land was that they
had to farm it for a certain amount of time
The first
homestead was
built in Nebraska
Here a couple of
“Soddy” homes
built on the Great
Plains
Draft Riots




1863, Union uses
conscription, or a
draft, to replenish
troops
18-45 could be
drafted, $300 dollars
got you out of it
Immigrants and lower
class burdened the
most by the draft
Draft riots in
NY(1863) was a white
mob destroying the
city
The Copperheads



Copperheads:
Northerners who
called for the
immediate end to the
Civil War
Lincoln viewed them
as dangerous to the
war effort
He suspended habeas
corpus, allowing the
military to arrest
anyone suspected of
disloyalty to the Union
The Home Front In the South

The naval blockade
really made life
difficult in the South
– Union blockade was
80% effective
– Forced southerners
depend on themselves
(farms, few factories)
– Made difficult by war
and men gone to fight


Union controlled rivers
and RR’s
So transport was hard
also
Paying For the War

With most of
revenue bound by
blockade, Pres.
Jefferson turns to
– Seizing supplies off
dead bodies
– Paper money issued
(worthless due to
inflation)
Southern Leaders Argue
 Southern
unity was weakened by all
these hardships
 Some states refused to obey
conscription
 Some states, like Georgia, even
wanted to secede from the
Confederacy
Life Of A Soldier

Camp Life
– Mostly young men
– Wrote letters, played
games, focused on
religion
– Some men fighting
against family or friends
Death Comes In Many Forms
 Amputation
was risky and often
ended in infection or death
– Harsh methods
– Poor sanitation
Women and the War




Women took over
businesses, farms,
plantations, etc in the
absence of men
This exposes women
to jobs they had been
shut out of (like
teaching)
Some women
pretended to be men
and fought
Some stayed with
husbands in camp or
served as spies
Women and the War



Most notable role was
as nurses
Clara Barton – Nursed
soldiers from both
sides after seeing
horrors of war
She would eventually
go on to found the
American Red Cross
Turning Points of the
War
Vicksburg, MS
Located on the
Mississippi River,
and preventing the
Union from
carrying out the
Anaconda Plan
 It was heavily
defended and
tough to overtake

Siege of Vicksburg




At first, Farragut and
Grant repelled
Then, Grant changes
his plans
Comes from the
south, and distracts
Confeds. By attacking
RR’s in central MS
After taking Jackson
(capital), Vicksburg
was cut off from
supplies
Vicksburg



Grant proceeded to surround and bombard the
fortress
After about a month, the Confederates were forced to
surrender
The Union would now be able to split the Confederacy
in two
Lee Is Victorious

At Fredricksburg
Va
– Union = 120,000
troops
– Confederacy =
80,000 troops
– Confederate victory
led by Lee, Jackson,
and Longstreet
Lee Is Victorious

Chancellorsville, Va
– Confederates win
again
– But, Jackson was
shot in friendly fire,
dying days later
– Lee tries to seize
the moment
though, he invades
the North in hopes
of defeating the
Union army

Battle At Gettysburg
Gettysburg, Pa
– Lee is pushing northward and his troops were in search
of shoes and other supplies
– July 1 – Confederate forces meet Union forces just
outside of Gettysburg
– This decisive battle would last for 3 days
Gettysburg



At first, the
Confederates were
successful in pushing
the Union back
The Confederates
stopped their advance
at night though,
allowing the Union to
bring up
reinforcements
With higher ground
and more troops, now
the Union held
advantage
Gettysburg



July 2 – Confederates
try to attack from
both ends and
sandwich Union forces
Union is able to hold
on though
This day was some of
the fiercest fighting in
the war
– Gen. Chamberlain and
his men were
responsible for
defending Little Round
Top, saving the Union
Gettysburg

July 3 – Lee believes
victory is still very
near
– He bombards the Union
in hopes of weakening
them
– He then orders Gen
Pickett to charge up the
middle (believed to be
the weakest)
– “Pickett’s Charge” was
a huge failure
– 50,000 Confederates
die, Lee retreats South
Gettysburg Address



Lincoln came to
Gettysburg later in the
year to honor the
fallen soldiers there
His speech focused on
fulfilling the Decl. of
Independence and
preservation of the
nation
He stated that the US
was “dedicated to the
proposition that all
men are created
equal”
Union Seeks Total Victory



US Grant was named
commander of all
Union forces in 1864
His goal was to march
northward and take
Richmond Va.
His methods were
controversial as he
targeted more than
just soldiers
Total War


Total War: The military strategy that targets
civilian and military objectives, with the purpose
of weakening the army, economy, and morale of
its enemies
Is it ethical?
Sherman’s March To the Sea
Union Gen. William
Tecumseh
Sherman
 In 1864, he used
total war to bring
the South to its
knees
 Marched from
Tennessee to
Savannah Ga. With
60,000 troops

Sherman’s March To the Sea



His march is known as
the “March to the sea”
His troops got supplies
by stealing them from
civilians they came
across
They burned or
destroyed everything
else
– Tore up RR tracks
– Destroyed buildings
– Vandalized homes
“ We don’t want your negroes,
your horses, or your horses or your
lands…but we do want, and will
have, a just obedience to the laws
of the US. That we will have, and if
it involves the destruction of your
improvements, we cannot help it”
Election of 1864



Union victories in
1864 give him enough
support to win the
election
McClellan won 45% of
vote, but Lincoln won
the most electoral
votes
There is no longer a
chance that the Union
will stop fighting
The War’s End and
Impact
The War’s Final Days

The Confederates
made one of their
last stands at
Petersburg Va.
– In 1864-1865
– Union would lose
40,000+ troops
– Confederacy would
lose 28,000 +
troops
 But
Lee had not
replacements, the
Union did
Siege of Petersburg
Lee eventually
ordered the
surrender of
Petersburg
 This allowed the
Union to overtake
Richmond, and
they burned it to
the ground

Lincoln Looks Forward



13th amendment: This amendment outlawed all slavery in
the US
The Confederates were desperate, but unwilling to accept
this
Lincoln’s challenge was to readmit them into the Union, but
how?
– “With malice toward none”
Lee Surrenders To Grant



Lee hoped to regroup
in NC, but his troops
were demoralized and
lacking supplies
On April 9, at
Appomattox Court
House, Va, Lee
surrendered
Fighting continued,
but the Confederacy
would lose by June of
1865
Assassination of Lincoln
April 14, 1865
 Lincoln attends Our
American Cousin, a
play in Ford’s
Theatre
(Wash.D.C.)
 An actor, John
Wilkes Booth will
plot to kill him on
this visit

Assassination of Lincoln
Booth snuck into the box in which
President Lincoln was sitting
 He shot Lincoln in the back of the head

Assassination of Lincoln
After shooting
Lincoln, Booth
jumped on to the
stage and says…
 “Sic Semper
Tyrannis (Thus
always to tyrants),
the South is
avenged”
 Lincoln would die
the next morning

Assassination of Lincoln




What followed was the
largest manhunt in US
history, as the search
for Booth was on
He eventually was
found in a barn and
shot
The plot was revealed
in which more
government officials
were targeted
The hope was to
create chaos and force
the Union to surrender
Assassination of Lincoln


Lincoln immediately became a national hero
The US would suffer though as they lost a very
good leader
Why The North Won
Ability to utilize its
better technology,
population, and
resources
 Grant & Sherman’s
ruthless tactics
“changed the
game”
 Great leadership
from Lincoln

The War’s Lasting Impact
600,000 Americans
dead
 Hundreds of
thousand more
wounded
 Much of it seen
through
photography of
Matt Brady

– This causes us to
think more before
going to war
Effect of War On the Economy

The North experienced
an economic boom
during & after the war
– Land Grant College Act:
Govt gave $ to states to
establish colleges that
taught the best farming
and mechanical skills
– A tariff passed in 1863
protected industry and
encouraged its growth
Effects On the Southern Economy


Many Southern cities were destroyed (Richmond,
Atlanta, etc)
This meant that factories and RR’s were also
destroyed, the South had to rely on the North
Effects On Society
Southern soldiers
came home to
destroyed property
 Families were
broken up
 Some Southerners
saw the Civil War
as a noble and
unfinished cause

Effects On Society
African Americans
were surprised to
find that freedom
was not exactly
what they thought
it would be
 Some stayed in the
South, others
migrated to the
West (Homestead
Act) or the North

Effects on Government and Politics
Sectional politics began to die down
 We begin seeing ourselves as a nation,
not a section
