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Ch. 16: The Civil War pg. 458
 Why It Matters: The Civil
War-a war in which Americans
fought other Americanstransformed the United States.
It shattered the economy of the
South while contributing to the
rapid economic growth of the
North and the West. African
Americans gained freedom
when slavery was abolished, but
the way left a legacy of
bitterness between North and
South that lasted for
generations.
 The Impact Today: Key
events during this era still shape
our lives today. For example:
 The institution of slavery was
abolished
 The war established the power
of the federal government over
the states.
Section 1: The Two Sides
 Main Idea: Both the
North and the South had
strengths and weaknesses
that helped determine their
military strategies.
 Key Terms:
 Border State
 Blockade
 Offensive
 Rebel
 Yankee
I. Choosing Sides pgs. 460-462
 Seven states left the Union and formed the Confederacy in February 1861.
Four more states joined in April: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas.
 The capital was Richmond, Virginia, about 100 miles south from the Union’s
capital of Washington, D.C.
Border States
 The border states of Missouri,
Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware
stayed in the Union but were
divided over which side to support.
 They played an important part in
the war because of their location,
and they would seriously damage
the North if they seceded.
Border States
 1. Missouri could control parts of the Mississippi River and
major routes West.
 2. Kentucky controlled the Ohio River
 3. Delaware was close to the North’s important city of
Philadelphia.
 4. Maryland was very close to Richmond, had important
railroad lines, and had the Union’s capital of Washington,
D.C., within its borders.
Choosing Sides
 In April a mob in Baltimore attacked Northern troops.
 Confederate sympathizers burned railroad lines and cut the
telegraph line to Washington, isolating it.
 Lincoln had to be cautious in his response so as not to upset the
people of the border states and especially Maryland.
 He ended up arresting people who supported secession.
 The border states remained in the Union, but many of the citizens
joined Southern armies.
Take me home, to the place I belong, West Virginia
mountain mama…Take me home!
 Most white Southerners
supported secession, but
people in the Appalachian
region of Tennessee and
Virginia opposed it.
 In Virginia a movement to
secede from the state and
rejoin the Union grew. The
separate state of West
Virginia joined the Union
in 1863.
Comparing North and South
 Both sides had advantages and disadvantages. The following were the
North’s advantages:
 1. a larger population
 2. more industry
 3. more resources
 4. a better banking system to help raise money
 5. more ships
 6. regular navy members who were mostly loyal to the Union
 7. a larger and more efficient railway system
 8. Abraham Lincoln’s dedication, intelligence, skill, and humanity
Disadvantages
 The following were the
North’s disadvantages:
 1. In order to bring the
Southern states back in to
the Union it would have to
invade and hold the South.
 2. Many people believed
the South had a good
chance of winning.
Comparing North and South
 The following were the South’s advantages:
 1. strong support for the war from the white population
 2. troops fighting on their own land
 3. superior military leadership at first (General Robert E. Lee)
 The following were the South’s disadvantages
1. a smaller population
2. few factories
3. fewer resources, including an inferior railroad system with fewer
than half the miles of track and fewer trains than the North
4. belief in states’ rights that limited a strong central gov’t power
Comparing North and South
 War goals were different. The North at first wanted to bring the
Southern states back into the Union and wanted to also end slavery.
The Union’s plan had three parts.
 1. Blockade Southern ports to prevent supplies from entering and
cotton from being exported.
 2. Gain control of the Mississippi River to cut Southern supply lines
and to split the Confederacy.
 3. Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital.
South’s Plan
 The South’s goal was to
win recognition as an
independent nation so the
South could preserve their
traditional way of life,
including slavery.
 1. holding on to as much
territory as possible until
the North tired of fighting
 2. having Britain and
France pressure the North
to end the war
 3. sometimes going on the
attack by moving north to
threaten Washington, D.C.,
and other Northern cities.
American People at War
 Soldiers came from all walks of life although many came from
farms.
 One difficult aspect of the Civil War was that Americans were
fighting other Americans.
 The average age was 25 years, but about 40% were 21 or younger.
 A soldier’s term was 90 days at first, but then became longer when
the war did not end quickly.
 The number of soldiers from the North and South differed
greatly.
 By the summer of 1861, the Confederate army, also called
the Rebels, had about 112,000 soldiers.
 The Unions, or Yankee, soldiers numbered about 187,000.
 By the end of the war, about 850,000 men fought for the
Confederacy, and about 2.1 million men fought for the
Union.
 About 200,000 African Americans fought for the Union, and
about 10,000 Hispanics fought in the conflict.
American People at War
 Both sides expected the war to end quickly.
 Some leaders saw the war would be a long one.
 Northern General William Tecumseh Sherman’s
predicted a very long war, and his prediction was
accurate.