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Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict Study Presentation Georgia and the American Experience Section Section Section Section 1: 2: 3: 4: The The Life Life Road to War War on the Battlefield for the Civil War Soldier During the Civil War Section 1: The Road to War • Essential Question – What strategies were selected to win the Civil War? Section 1: The Road to War • What words do I need to know? – conscription – blockade – blockade runner – King Cotton Diplomacy – strategy The War Begins • April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T. Beauregard leads bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor • Federal troops and laborers inside Fort Sumter surrender on April 13 • Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia secede from the Union • President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and protect Washington Assembling Armies • Most soldiers volunteered at first, but later men were conscripted (drafted to serve in the armies) • Some men received bounties (money) to sign up; some signed up, received the bounty, then deserted • Poorer men sometimes accepted money to fight in place of wealthier men who didn’t want to serve Resources, North and South • North had more people from which to create and resupply armies • North had more factories, better railroad system, and most of the nation’s farms and wealth • South had more experienced military leaders, and were highly motivated to defend their familiar homeland to win independence Blockade Strategy • Union blockaded all Southern ports to prevent cotton exports and imports of weaponry from foreign countries • Privately operated blockade runners successfully slipped past Union ships to ship goods to and from Europe during the war • The Union Navy included many ironclads (armored ships) Other Wartime Strategies • “Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze Confederacy to death by capturing the Mississippi River and cutting off Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas • Capturing Richmond, the capital, might have ended the war early, but General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army prevented that for years Late War Strategy • Destroy Confederate armies on the battlefield • Lay waste to the Southern land, so that civilians would call for an end to the war • General William T. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia was successful in the “lay waste to land” strategy Southern Strategies • Wear down the Union armies, which would hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war • Use swift raiders to help break the Union blockade • King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop exports to England and France to inspire those nations to help break the Union blockade; France and England instead starting importing Egyptian cotton Click to return to Table of Contents. Section 2: The War on the Battlefield • ESSENTIAL QUESTION – What were the major battles that took place in Georgia? Section 2: The War on the Battlefield • What words do I need to know? – Chickamauga – Atlanta Campaign – Emancipation Proclamation Freeing the Slaves • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862 • Document gave the Southern Confederacy a choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or keep fighting and slaves would be forever free • Deadline was January 1, 1863 • The Confederate leaders continued the war and the slaves were declared free by the United States government in 1863 The Fall of Fort Pulaski • More than 100 battles or skirmishes in Georgia; 92 happened in 1864 during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns • First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick Fort Pulaski, near Tybee Island • Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare for the first time; the Confederates surrendered the fort in less than two days • No brick American forts were built after this battle The Battle of Chickamauga • September 1863 • Seven miles south of Chattanooga, Tennessee • Chattanooga was major railroad center • Union troops were driven back to Chattanooga; Confederates did not follow-up on their victory • Union reinforcements later recaptured Chattanooga The Atlanta Campaign • Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s Union Army fought series of battles against Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army • Confederates continued to retreat further southward into Georgia • June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman lost but continued toward Atlanta • July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston, battled Sherman, then concentrated defenses in Atlanta The Battle of Atlanta • Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege • Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to fight, but that didn’t work • Fighting continued during July and August 1864 • Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacate the city on September 1 • Sherman burns the city in mid-November then begins his march toward Savannah and the sea The March to the Sea • Sherman’s Union army destroys everything in its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah • A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed, and ruined during a two-month period • Estimated losses exceeded $100 million • Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in December 1864 • Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North The Civil War Ends • January 13, 1865: Fort Fisher in North Carolina captured;the last Confederate blockade-running port • General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia cannot defeat Union General U.S. Grant at Petersburg; he surrenders his army at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 • Confederate President Jefferson Davis flees and is eventually captured in Irwinville, Georgia Civil War Prisons • Both North and South had prisons for captured soldiers; thousands of men on both sides died in these prisons • Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia, was overcrowded, and offered poor food, contaminated water, and poor sanitation; 13,700 Union soldiers are buried there • Captain Henry Wirtz, Andersonville Prison commander, was later hanged for “excessive cruelty” • Andersonville is now home to the National Click to return to Table of Contents. Prisoner of War Museum Battle of Antietam • Near Sharpsburg, Maryland named for the stream called Antietam Creek • September 17t, 1862 is considered the bloodiest day of the Civil War. • Lee’s first invasion into the “North” • Union troops were victorious which gave Lincoln an opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Gettysburg • Gettysburg Pennsylvania in 1863 • Lee decided to invade the North again • Battle lasted 3 days ending in a Union victory • Resulted in Lee’s retreat to Virginia and ended the hopes of a Confederacy victory. • Is considered the turning point of war and the bloodies battle with more than 51,000 casualties.