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The Coming of the Civil War Unit Six – Chapters 15-16 Compromise of 1850 / Election of 1852 Pages 492-504 Compromise of 1850 – Clay-Webster vs. Calhoun – Conditions – Issues / Impacts Election of 1852 – Candidates / Platforms Pierce’s Administration – Ostend Manifesto Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California statehood. Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: Proposed Compromise Not supported by President Taylor but… Compromise is the key to end sectional issues Zachary Taylor Dies 7/1850 Millard Fillmore Taylor’s VP Compromise of 1850 North – California – Free State – New Mexico gains disputed territory from Texas – No slave trade in D.C. South – Popular sovereignty for New Mexico / Utah – Compensation to Texas – Stronger fugitive slave law Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Laws had existed for long periods Northern States passed “Personal Liberty Laws” (no cooperation for recapturing slaves) 1850 Law increased power of slave owners to recapture slaves – Greatly underestimated the tensions this would create in the North – Increased abolitionist movement Northern communities are forced to confront the reality of Slavery Fugitive Slave Act increases tensions between North and South Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811 - 1896 So this is the lady who started the Civil War. --Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! Quotes - Next "This is God's curse on slavery!--a bitter, bitter, most accursed thing!--a curse to the master and a curse to the slave! I was a fool to think I could make anything good out of such a deadly evil." "We don't own your laws; we don't own your country; we stand here as free, under God's sky, as you are; and, by the great God that made us, we'll fight for our liberty till we die." "I looks like gwine to heaven, an't thar where white folks is gwine? S'pose they'd have me thar? I'd rather go to torment, and get away from Mas'r and Missis. I had so." Southern Literature The Planter’s Northern Bride – “the negroes of the south are the happiest labouring class on the face of the globe.“ Uncle Robin, in His Cabin in Virginia, and Tom Without One in Boston Basic premise of anti-tom literature is the benign treatment of slaves and their relatively passive existence. 1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Democrat Gen. Winfield Scott Whig John Parker Hale Free Soil 1852 Election Results Ostend Manifesto Slavery existed in Cuba but… – The Spanish Government was considering emancipation (freedom) for the Cuban slaves Southern Democrats did not want freed slaves this close to the US so….. – Three American diplomats (one of them was James Buchanan – the next President) threatened Spain with war if they didn’t sell Cuba to the US for $130 million but…. – The secret got out (oops) Bad Idea, Bad Idea because – North not happy (sneaky little Southern $%3%) – Foreign governments view this as extremely aggressive Kansas-Nebraska Act Pages 505- 510 Kansas – Nebraska Act – Goals – Issues – Republican Party Nativism – Who, what, why Election of 1856 – Issues – Significance Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Goals of the Kansas-Nebraska Act Split Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska – Maintains sectional balance – Provides opportunity for Northern railroad (future Transcontinental RR) Repeals Missouri Compromise to allow expansion of slavery Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 Northern Whigs. Northern Democrats. Free-Soilers. Know-Nothings. Other miscellaneous opponents of the KansasNebraska Act. The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] Nativists. Anti-Catholics. Anti-immigrants. 1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC. “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) 1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan Democrat John C. Frémont Republican Millard Fillmore Whig 1856 Election Results Flashback 1. Why did the Kansas-Nebraska Act create more conflict instead of compromise? 2. Why was the Know-Nothing Party attractive to many Americans? 3. What factors contributed to the rapid rise of the Republican Party? Dred Scott / Lincoln-Douglas Pages 511-515 Dred Scott Case – Issues – Outcomes Crash of 1857 Lincoln vs. Douglas – Freeport Doctrine – Future Impacts The rise and fall of John Brown Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 National Reactions to Dred Scott Ruling Democrats Democrats What caused the Panic of 1857?? Overproduction of? What were its effects on the nation? Panic of 1857 Causes: – Overproduction of grain – Currency crisis Outcomes – False sense of economic security for the South (Cotton will save us!!!) – Homestead Act – 160 acres land – Increased Tariffs Lecompton Constitution Proslavery constitution for Kansas admission to the Union – Supported by President Buchanan – Opposed by Stephen Douglas (WHY?) – Rejected by Congress Kansas admitted 1861 – FREE STATE The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty? Freeport Doctrine Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the KansasNebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas' response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery. Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery, legislation would provide for its continued existence. Trying to appease both Pro and Anti Slavery groups!!! John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Unifies the North Scares the South 1860 Election / End of the Union Pages 515-522 Political Party Changes – Democrats – Constitutional Union – Republican Election of 1860 Secession Crittenden Compromise √ Abraham Lincoln 1860 Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Presidential Election Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat Republican Party Platform in 1860 1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]. 2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. 3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. 4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. 5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. 6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]. Constitutional Union Party Allegiance to the Union Strict enforcement of national legislation Who? Why? Southern Whigs Border States Southern Democrats Stephen Douglas -Northern Democrat *Popular Sovereignty *Preserve the Union 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart? 1860 Election Results Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860 Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (KnowNothing-KY) Crittenden Compromise Back to Missouri Compromise Line 36°30’ – Federal protection for southern territories Future states = popular sovereignty Lincoln opposed – Republicans committed to no extension of slavery! Unit 6 Chapters 16-17 Secession/Border States Pages 530-541 Problems with Secession Opening Shots….. Role of the Border States – Issues – Impacts Comparing the Combatants – Northern Advantages/Disadvantages – Southern Advantages/Disadvantages Problems with Secession Physical? Border States? Legal? Slavery? Financial? Native Americans? Federal Assets? Relatives? Foreign Relations Rating the North & the South Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 The Union and Confederacy in 1861 Battle of Bull Run st (1 Manassas), July, 1861 Outcome = both sides realize that the war will be long and costly (human and financial capital) Wartime Diplomacy & Authority Issues with Britain & France Comparing the Presidents – Lincoln – Davis Role of the Presidents – Civil Liberties – Economic strategies Foreign Affairs Trent affair………… – On November 8, 1861, Charles Wilkes, a U.S. Navy Officer, captured two Confederate envoys aboard the British mail ship, the Trent. Great Britain accused the United States of violating British neutrality, and the incident created a diplomatic crisis between the United States and Great Britain during the Civil War. Alabama and Laird Rams – The controversy began when Confederate agents contracted for warships from British boatyards. Disguised as merchant vessels during their construction in order to circumvent British neutrality laws, the craft were actually intended as commerce raiders. Under protest from the Union government Britain stopped supplying ships. Foreign Affairs (continued) Maximilian and Mexico – The French intervention in Mexico, also known as the Maximilian Affair or The Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of Mexico by the army of the Second French Empire, supported in the beginning by the British and Spanish. – The US Congress unanimously passed a resolution which opposed the establishment of the Mexican monarchy on 4 April 1864. Civil Liberties / Role of the Presidents Lincoln – Orders blockade – Increased size of the federal army – Spends federal funds – Suspends writ of habeas corpus – Limits free speech – ‘Supervises’ elections WITHOUT CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL!!!!! Davis – Limited by tradition of State’s Rights – Weak central government – Contribution vs. commitment by some states Economic Issues Northern Funding – Sin taxes – Income taxes – Tariffs (Morrill Tariff Act) – Increased money supply – War bonds (#1) – National Banking System Southern Funding – – – – Taxes Duties War bonds Increased money supply (#1) Morrill Tariff Act The 1862 Congress passed new laws as soon as the South had seceded from the Union. First, Northern congressmen passed the protective Morrill Tariff , which essentially doubled the prewar tariff. They passed the tariff not only to win more support from manufacturers but also because they realized how important the economy would be during the war. Early Battles Pages 541-545 McClellan vs. Lee – Issues – Impacts – Antietam War at Sea – Issues – Role of the Ironclads Civil War North – More resources – More people – Moral cause Preserve Union End Slavery? South – Better military leaders – Defense of Way of life State’s rights American ideals? Overview of Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan War in the East: 1861-1862 Antietam, Maryland September 17, 1862 Antietam Casualties Killed – Union 2,100 – Confederate 1,550 Wounded – Union 9,550 – Confederate 7,750 Missing/Captured – Union 750 – Confederate 1,020 Total – Union 12,400 – Confederate 10,320 More soldiers killed or wounded in one day than: – – – – Revolutionary War War of 1812 Mexican War Spanish-American War 9x the casualties on DDay 500 Cannons fired 50,000 shells Impacts of Antietam Southern opportunity to win…ends with Lee retreating to Virginia 2. Moral victory for the North – even though it is a draw 3. Provides support for Emancipation Proclamation 1. WHY? Dual purpose: Preserve the Union and create a moral purpose for the Union Army Lincoln’s Struggle In August 1862, Lincoln stated: "If I could save the union without freeing any slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that." In fact, by that time, immense pressure was building to end slavery and Lincoln had privately concluded that he could save the Union only by issuing an emancipation proclamation, which he had already drafted. The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac Emancipation / Life of the Soldier Pages 546-555 Emancipation or Proclamation? – Intentions – Reactions – Outcomes Life of the Soldier – Experiences of African-American Soldiers – Common experiences of all Soldiers Political Issues – Northern Democrats – Copperheads Emancipation Summary Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-inChief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. Emancipation Proclamation Purposes – Moral rallying point for Union troops – Appease abolitionists – Create problems for the South Reactions – North {Democrats & Border States} – South uses EP as a diplomatic issue Emancipation in 1863 The Southern View of Emancipation African-Americans in Civil War Battles Nathan Bedford Forrest (Captured Fort Pillow) 262 African-Americans 295 white Union soldiers. Ordered? black soldiers murdered after they surrendered! [many white soldiers killed as well] Became the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan after the war. Tide Turns/End of the War Pages 555-561 Gettysburg – Significance – Role of the Gettysburg Address William Tecumseh Sherman – Causes / Impacts of Total War Election of 1864 Southern Surrender – why? The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg Casualties Why is Gettysburg the turning point of the CW? *Southern casualties force defensive war* Gettysburg Address “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” – Purpose of the Introduction? More Gettysburg Address “Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.” – Defense of War (Survival of the UNION) End of the Gettysburg Address “It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” The Progress of War: 1861-1865 Sherman’s March through Georgia to the Sea, 1864 *TOTAL WAR Presidential Election of 1864 The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 End of the War Appomattox – Lee surrenders 4/9/1865 Lincoln assassinated – 4/14/1865 – Worse thing that could have happened to the South? Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars