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The Coming of the Civil War
Unit Six – Chapters 15-16
Compromise of 1850 / Election of
1852 Pages 492-504
Compromise of 1850
– Clay-Webster vs. Calhoun
– Conditions
– Issues / Impacts
Election of 1852
– Candidates / Platforms
Pierce’s Administration
– Ostend Manifesto
Problems of Sectional Balance
in 1850

California statehood.
 Southern “fire-eaters”
threatening secession.
 Underground RR & fugitive
slave issues:
Proposed Compromise
Not supported by President Taylor but…
Compromise is the key
to end sectional issues
Zachary Taylor
Dies 7/1850
Millard Fillmore
Taylor’s VP
Compromise of 1850
North
– California – Free
State
– New Mexico gains
disputed territory
from Texas
– No slave trade in
D.C.
South
– Popular
sovereignty for
New Mexico /
Utah
– Compensation to
Texas
– Stronger fugitive
slave law
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Law
Laws had existed for long periods
Northern States passed “Personal
Liberty Laws” (no cooperation for
recapturing slaves)
1850 Law increased power of slave
owners to recapture slaves
– Greatly underestimated the tensions this
would create in the North
– Increased abolitionist movement
Northern communities
are forced to confront
the reality of Slavery
Fugitive Slave Act
increases tensions
between North and
South
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
1811 - 1896
So this is the lady
who started the Civil
War.
--Abraham Lincoln
Uncle
Tom’s
Cabin
1852
 Sold 300,000
copies in the
first year.
 2 million in a
decade!
Quotes - Next
"This is God's curse on slavery!--a bitter,
bitter, most accursed thing!--a curse to the
master and a curse to the slave! I was a fool to
think I could make anything good out of such
a deadly evil."
"We don't own your laws; we don't own your
country; we stand here as free, under God's
sky, as you are; and, by the great God that
made us, we'll fight for our liberty till we die."
"I looks like gwine to heaven, an't thar where
white folks is gwine? S'pose they'd have me
thar? I'd rather go to torment, and get away
from Mas'r and Missis. I had so."
Southern Literature
The Planter’s Northern Bride – “the negroes
of the south are the happiest
labouring class on the face of the globe.“
Uncle Robin, in His Cabin in Virginia,
and Tom Without One in Boston
Basic premise of anti-tom literature is the
benign treatment of slaves and their relatively
passive existence.
1852 Presidential
Election
√ Franklin Pierce
Democrat
Gen. Winfield Scott
Whig
John Parker Hale
Free Soil
1852
Election
Results
Ostend Manifesto
Slavery existed in Cuba but…
– The Spanish Government was considering
emancipation (freedom) for the Cuban slaves
Southern Democrats did not want freed slaves
this close to the US so…..
– Three American diplomats (one of them was James
Buchanan – the next President) threatened Spain
with war if they didn’t sell Cuba to the US for $130
million but….
– The secret got out (oops)
Bad Idea, Bad Idea because
– North not happy (sneaky little Southern $%3%)
– Foreign governments view this as extremely
aggressive
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Pages 505- 510
Kansas – Nebraska Act
– Goals
– Issues
– Republican Party
Nativism
– Who, what, why
Election of 1856
– Issues
– Significance
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Goals of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Split Nebraska Territory into Kansas
and Nebraska
– Maintains sectional balance
– Provides opportunity for Northern railroad
(future Transcontinental RR)
Repeals Missouri Compromise to allow
expansion of slavery
Birth of the Republican Party,
1854
 Northern Whigs.

Northern Democrats.

Free-Soilers.

Know-Nothings.
Other miscellaneous
opponents of the KansasNebraska Act.

The “Know-Nothings”
[The American Party]
 Nativists.
 Anti-Catholics.
 Anti-immigrants.

1849  Secret Order
of the Star-Spangled
Banner created in
NYC.
“The Crime Against
Kansas”
Sen. Charles
Sumner
(R-MA)
Congr. Preston
Brooks
(D-SC)
1856 Presidential
Election
√ James Buchanan
Democrat
John C. Frémont
Republican
Millard Fillmore
Whig
1856
Election
Results
Flashback
1. Why did the Kansas-Nebraska Act
create more conflict instead of
compromise?
2. Why was the Know-Nothing Party
attractive to many Americans?
3. What factors contributed to the rapid
rise of the Republican Party?
Dred Scott / Lincoln-Douglas
Pages 511-515
Dred Scott Case
– Issues
– Outcomes
Crash of 1857
Lincoln vs. Douglas
– Freeport Doctrine
– Future Impacts
The rise and fall of John Brown
Dred Scott v. Sandford,
1857
National Reactions to Dred Scott Ruling
Democrats
Democrats
What caused the
Panic of 1857??
Overproduction of?
What were its
effects on the
nation?
Panic of 1857
Causes:
– Overproduction of grain
– Currency crisis
Outcomes
– False sense of economic security for the
South (Cotton will save us!!!)
– Homestead Act – 160 acres land
– Increased Tariffs
Lecompton Constitution
Proslavery constitution for Kansas
admission to the Union
– Supported by President Buchanan
– Opposed by Stephen Douglas (WHY?)
– Rejected by Congress
Kansas admitted 1861 – FREE STATE
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)
Debates, 1858
A House divided
against itself,
cannot stand.
Stephen Douglas & the
Freeport Doctrine
Popular
Sovereignty?
Freeport Doctrine
Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the
principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the KansasNebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case
of Dred Scott v. Sandford.
Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas' response
stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be
prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people
living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.
Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery,
legislation would provide for its continued existence.
Trying to appease both Pro and Anti Slavery groups!!!
John Brown: Madman, Hero
or Martyr?
Unifies the North
Scares the South
1860 Election / End of the Union
Pages 515-522
Political Party Changes
– Democrats
– Constitutional Union
– Republican
Election of 1860
Secession
Crittenden Compromise
√ Abraham Lincoln
1860
Republican
John Bell
Constitutional Union
Presidential
Election
Stephen A. Douglas
Northern Democrat
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
Republican Party Platform in
1860
1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers].
2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a
disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the
Northwest].
5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal
expense.
6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for
farmers].
Constitutional Union Party
Allegiance to the
Union
Strict enforcement of
national legislation
Who? Why?
Southern Whigs
Border States
Southern Democrats
Stephen Douglas
-Northern Democrat
*Popular Sovereignty
*Preserve the Union
1860 Election: A Nation Coming
Apart?
1860
Election
Results
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Crittenden Compromise:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
Senator John
J. Crittenden
(KnowNothing-KY)
Crittenden Compromise
Back to Missouri Compromise Line
36°30’
– Federal protection for southern territories
Future states = popular sovereignty
Lincoln opposed
– Republicans committed to no extension of
slavery!
Unit 6 Chapters 16-17
Secession/Border States
Pages 530-541
Problems with Secession
Opening Shots…..
Role of the Border States
– Issues
– Impacts
Comparing the Combatants
– Northern Advantages/Disadvantages
– Southern Advantages/Disadvantages
Problems with Secession
Physical?
Border States?
Legal?
Slavery?
Financial?
Native Americans?
Federal Assets?
Relatives?
Foreign Relations
Rating the North & the South
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
The Union and Confederacy in 1861
Battle of Bull Run
st
(1
Manassas),
July, 1861
Outcome = both sides
realize that the war will
be long and costly (human
and financial capital)
Wartime Diplomacy & Authority
Issues with Britain & France
Comparing the Presidents
– Lincoln
– Davis
Role of the Presidents
– Civil Liberties
– Economic strategies
Foreign Affairs
Trent affair…………
– On November 8, 1861, Charles Wilkes, a U.S. Navy Officer,
captured two Confederate envoys aboard the British mail ship,
the Trent. Great Britain accused the United States of violating
British neutrality, and the incident created a diplomatic crisis
between the United States and Great Britain during the Civil
War.
Alabama and Laird Rams
– The controversy began when Confederate agents contracted for
warships from British boatyards. Disguised as merchant
vessels during their construction in order to circumvent
British neutrality laws, the craft were actually intended as
commerce raiders. Under protest from the Union government
Britain stopped supplying ships.
Foreign Affairs (continued)
Maximilian and Mexico
– The French intervention in Mexico, also
known as the Maximilian Affair or The
Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of
Mexico by the army of the Second French
Empire, supported in the beginning by the
British and Spanish.
– The US Congress unanimously passed a
resolution which opposed the establishment
of the Mexican monarchy on 4 April 1864.
Civil Liberties / Role of the
Presidents
Lincoln
– Orders blockade
– Increased size of the
federal army
– Spends federal funds
– Suspends writ of habeas
corpus
– Limits free speech
– ‘Supervises’ elections
WITHOUT
CONGRESSIONAL
APPROVAL!!!!!
Davis
– Limited by tradition of
State’s Rights
– Weak central government
– Contribution vs.
commitment by some
states
Economic Issues
Northern Funding
– Sin taxes
– Income taxes
– Tariffs (Morrill Tariff
Act)
– Increased money
supply
– War bonds (#1)
– National Banking
System
Southern Funding
–
–
–
–
Taxes
Duties
War bonds
Increased money
supply (#1)
Morrill Tariff Act
The 1862 Congress passed new laws as
soon as the South had seceded from the
Union. First, Northern congressmen
passed the protective Morrill Tariff ,
which essentially doubled the prewar
tariff. They passed the tariff not only to
win more support from manufacturers
but also because they realized how
important the economy would be during
the war.
Early Battles
Pages 541-545
McClellan vs. Lee
– Issues
– Impacts
– Antietam
War at Sea
– Issues
– Role of the Ironclads
Civil War
North
– More resources
– More people
– Moral cause
Preserve Union
End Slavery?
South
– Better military
leaders
– Defense of
Way of life
State’s rights
American ideals?
Overview
of
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
War in the East: 1861-1862
Antietam,
Maryland
September 17,
1862
Antietam Casualties
Killed
– Union 2,100
– Confederate 1,550
Wounded
– Union 9,550
– Confederate 7,750
Missing/Captured
– Union 750
– Confederate 1,020
Total
– Union 12,400
– Confederate 10,320
More soldiers killed or
wounded in one day
than:
–
–
–
–
Revolutionary War
War of 1812
Mexican War
Spanish-American War
9x the casualties on DDay
500 Cannons fired
50,000 shells
Impacts of Antietam
Southern opportunity to win…ends with Lee
retreating to Virginia
2. Moral victory for the North – even though it
is a draw
3. Provides support for Emancipation
Proclamation
1.
WHY?
Dual purpose: Preserve the Union and create a
moral purpose for the Union Army
Lincoln’s Struggle
In August 1862, Lincoln stated: "If I could
save the union without freeing any slaves I
would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all
the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it
by freeing some and leaving others alone I
would also do that." In fact, by that time,
immense pressure was building to end slavery
and Lincoln had privately concluded that he
could save the Union only by issuing an
emancipation proclamation, which he had
already drafted.
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
Emancipation / Life of the Soldier
Pages 546-555
Emancipation or Proclamation?
– Intentions
– Reactions
– Outcomes
Life of the Soldier
– Experiences of African-American Soldiers
– Common experiences of all Soldiers
Political Issues
– Northern Democrats
– Copperheads
Emancipation Summary
Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United
States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-inChief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of
actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of
the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for
suppressing said rebellion,
And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do
order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said
designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward
shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United
States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will
recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to
abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I
recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor
faithfully for reasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known, that such persons of
suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the
United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other
places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.
Emancipation Proclamation
Purposes
– Moral rallying point for Union troops
– Appease abolitionists
– Create problems for the South
Reactions
– North {Democrats & Border States}
– South uses EP as a diplomatic issue
Emancipation in 1863
The Southern View of Emancipation
African-Americans in Civil War Battles
Nathan Bedford Forrest
(Captured Fort Pillow)
 262 African-Americans
 295 white Union
soldiers.
 Ordered? black soldiers
murdered after they
surrendered! [many
white soldiers killed as
well]
 Became the first Grand
Wizard of the Ku Klux
Klan after the war.
Tide Turns/End of the War
Pages 555-561
Gettysburg
– Significance
– Role of the Gettysburg Address
William Tecumseh Sherman
– Causes / Impacts of Total War
Election of 1864
Southern Surrender – why?
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Casualties
Why is Gettysburg the turning point of the CW?
*Southern casualties force defensive war*
Gettysburg Address
“Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived
in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created
equal.”
– Purpose of the Introduction?
More Gettysburg Address
“Now we are engaged in a great civil
war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation so conceived and so dedicated,
can long endure. We are met on a great
battle-field of that war.”
– Defense of War (Survival of the UNION)
End of the Gettysburg Address
“It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us -- that from
these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the
last full measure of devotion -- that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have
died in vain -- that this nation, under God,
shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Sherman’s
March
through
Georgia
to the
Sea, 1864
*TOTAL
WAR
Presidential
Election of
1864
The Final Virginia Campaign:
1864-1865
End of the War
Appomattox – Lee surrenders 4/9/1865
Lincoln assassinated – 4/14/1865
– Worse thing that could have happened to
the South?
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
 1862 – Homestead Act
 1862 – Legal Tender Act
 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
 1862 – Emancipation
Proclamation
 1863 – Pacific Railway Act
 1863 – National Bank Act
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars