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Chapter 12: The Civil War (1861-1865)
Section 4: The Final Phase
The end is near…
A quick review…
So…how did Fredericksburg go for the
North?
How did Chancellorsville go for the North?
Did anything significant happen at
Chancellorsville for the South?
The Southern Army
After victories at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville, General Lee has
begun to think that his men are
invincible.
His confidence in his men will lead him to
develop his most ambitious plan yet.
Lee’s Second Invasion
Lee is going to plan a second invasion of
the North.
This would:
1. spare war-weary Virginia from further fighting
2. allow Lee to re-supply and feed his hungry troops
by seizing provisions from the enemy
How had the first invasion gone?
Lee’s Second Invasion
In June 1863 Lee crossed into Pennsylvania.
Lincoln urged General Hooker to attack the
Confederates before they could consolidate their
troops.
– consolidate: to bring all troops together
Hooker hesitated, fearing that Lee outnumbered
him.
– Who does this remind Lincoln of?
Lincoln replaces General Hooker with General
George Meade.
Lee’s Second Invasion
By the end of June 1863 about 75,000
Confederates were massing near
Gettysburg, PA.
Scouts reported that there was a supply of
shoes in the town, and the Confederates
formed a raiding party.
As the party approached the town, they
were met by Union fire.
July 1st – Day 1
The Confederates
pushed the Union line
back to Cemetery Hill
and Cemetery Ridge.
The South held
Seminary Ridge, a
lower line of hills
about a ½ mile away.
End of Day 1
The Union held the high ground.
Lee knew his troops were in danger.
Lee expected that the North would be
reinforced soon, so he decided to attack
quickly.
July 2nd – Day 2
In order to reach
Union troops on the
left, Confederate
soldiers had pass
through very difficult
terrain.
Fighting was
especially fierce in an
area known as Devil’s
Den.
July 2nd – Day 2
Union General Strong
Vincent had troops
stationed on a small hill
called Little Round Top.
Colonel Lawrence
Chamberlain will lead the
20th Maine in a bayonet
charge to fend off
attacking Confederate
soldiers on this hill.
July 3rd – Day 3
Lee ordered 15,000
men commanded by
George Pickett to rush
the Union center on
Cemetery Ridge.
July 3rd – Day 3
Less than half of the Confederate
soldiers reached the top of the
ridge during Pickett’s Charge.
It was a devastating defeat for the
Confederates, in much the same way
Fredericksburg was for the North.
Results…
Casualties:
– Union: 23,000
– Confederacy: 28,000
Bad weather prevented General Meade from
pursuing the Confederates as they retreated
back into Virginia.
The Union had had the opportunity to end
the war, but had not been able to do so.
Results…
Gettysburg will mark the turning point of
the war, when the tide of battle turns in
favor of the Union.
In November 1863, Lincoln will travel to
Gettysburg and deliver the famous
Gettysburg Address.
Chapter 12: The Civil War (1861-1865)
Section 4: The Final Phase
The end is near…
Lincoln Finds His General
The war was
continuing in the
West, and General
Grant won several
significant battles.
Lincoln soon
recognized Grant’s
invaluable leadership.
Vicksburg
Grant needed to take
control of Vicksburg,
Mississippi in order to
secure the Mississippi
River and surrounding
area.
For six weeks Grant laid
siege to the city,
preventing any
Confederate
reinforcements.
Vicksburg
During the long siege,
residents began eating
mules and rats to keep
from starving.
On July 3, 1863, Grant
and Confederate
General John
Pemberton discussed
surrender.
In the end…
With the victory at Vicksburg and a later
victory at Port Hudson, Louisiana, the
Union had cut Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Texas off from the rest of the Confederacy.
War of Attrition
Lincoln promotes Grant to general in chief,
commander of all Union forces.
Grant informed Lincoln that he would
march on Richmond, take his losses, and
move on.
Grant planned a war of attrition.
– to continue fighting until the South ran out of
men, supplies, and will to fight
War of Attrition
Grant pushed on and on, forcing Lee to
keep his tired men in battle.
The armies fought at Spotsylvania Court
House, VA in May 1864.
In June 1864, the armies met at Petersburg,
VA.
Grant began laying siege to Petersburg.
Grant’s strategy was slowly succeeding.
– Why?
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Union General William
Tecumseh Sherman
matched General Grant’s
will to fight.
Grant made Sherman
commander of the
Tennessee army.
While Grant fought Lee,
Sherman waged a war on
southern railroads and
industries.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
In early May 1864, he
moved 100,000 troops out
of Tennessee toward
Atlanta, Georgia.
On the way, Sherman
continually
outmaneuvered the
Confederate forces.
Atlanta fell on September
2, 1864, and the
Confederates lost their last
railroad link across the
Appalachians.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman ordered the
residents to evacuate,
and then set fire to the
city.
Sherman’s success
renewed hope in the
North that the war
would soon be over.
Lincoln would go on
to win the 1864
Presidential election.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman went on to the
port city of Savannah,
Georgia.
Sherman’s men destroyed
everything in their path
that they could not use
themselves.
They uprooted crops,
burned farmhouses,
slaughtered livestock, and
tore up railroad tracks.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman was fighting a total war.
– In order to win a war, the Union must strike at
the economy of the enemy.
In December 1864, Sherman reached
Savannah.
One month later, Sherman turned north to
link up with Grant’s army.
Appomattox Courthouse
As Sherman moved north, Grant was
battering Richmond.
On April 2, 1865, Lee withdrew from
Richmond, with Grant right behind.
The Union took the capital.
Appomattox Courthouse
Lee fled west, hoping to link up with other
armies, as his army was half the size of
Grant’s.
Grant cut off the escape.
Lee was down to 30,000 starving and
exhausted men.
Lee asked for terms of surrender.
Appomattox Courthouse
On April 9, 1865, Grant and Lee met in a
house in the tiny Virginia village of
Appomattox
Courthouse.
Appomattox Courthouse
The terms:
1. Confederate officers could keep their side
arms.
2. All soldiers would be fed and allowed to keep
their horses and mules.
3. None would be tried for treason.
Appomattox Courthouse
Colonel Lawrence Chamberlain was
selected to lead the official surrender
ceremony.
He instructed the Union army to stand in
attention in respect as the Confederate army
passed by.
“The war is over. The rebels are our
countrymen again.”
-General Grant
The End
On April 26, 1865, General Joseph Johnston
surrendered to General Sherman under
similar terms in Durham Station, North
Carolina.
Yay!
The war was over.