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...but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came. Abraham Lincoln, 4 March 1865 BACKGROUND TO CIVIL WAR The Civil War was a war between the states of the North against the states of the South. It was the greatest war in American history. 3 million soldiers fought - 600,000 died, making this war the heaviest of casualties in all of history. CONCEPT OF THE UNION The United States had been a slave holding nation from its beginnings Southerners felt that Slave Ownership was a right that could not be taken away by the federal government The U.S. Constitution never dealt with the issue of “Slavery” CONCEPT OF THE UNION Many southerners based their argument for slavery on the idea of states’ rights. States’ Rights is the belief that the Federal government should not interfere with the states’ exercise of their constitutional powers ANTEBELLUM AMERICA The North and South greatly differed politically by the 1850s, but there were many similarities. Both sections of the country were still dominated by Agriculture North – small individual farms that grew wheat South – larger farms and plantations that grew cotton ANTEBELLUM AMERICA Most of the country was still rural, although many cities are starting to grow In the Northeast, industry and business are starting to grow and dominate the economy. Cotton is still the most important National Export. ANTEBELLUM AMERICA There is a long standing pride in the American Revolution and creation of the nation Manifest Destiny brings a stronger sense of pride to both parts of the country, but also leads to the sectional divide between North and South ANTEBELLUM POPULATION 27 million whites counted in the 1860 census 19 million whites lived in the North 500,000 African-Americans lived in the North. ANTEBELLUM POPULATION 8 million whites lived in the slave owning states of the South. 390,000 owned slaves ANTEBELLUM POPULATION 4 million African-Americans lived in the South 3.75 Million were slaves 261,988 were free usually in urban centers like New Orleans over 3000 free African-Americans owned slaves themselves Restrictions on free African-Americans were severe, however. They could not move from one state to another. NORTHERN INDUSTRY Many resources Coal, iron, Fast rivers + falls = lots of power Many manufacturing areas Inventions self-created NORTHERN FARMS Land poor quality small farms possible Hire farm hands Many farmers own a little land each Immigrants provide labor pool SOUTHERN INDUSTRY Few resources Land major resource Slow rivers+ few falls = little power Few manufacturing areas Inventions imported SOUTHERN 75% are subsistence farmers Few people own most land “King Cotton” cash crop Slaves are labor pool Slave-based-economy SOUTHERN SLAVE BASED ECONOMY Land rich Large farms possible Own labor pool Slaves provide labor pool Most products needed produced on the plantation SOUTHERN SOCIETY IN 1850S Upper Class Many slaves Middle Class Had Few Slaves Lower Middle Class Had 1 or 2 Slaves Lower Class – Had No Slaves Slaves Compare and Contrast Using the information we have discussed in class, create a Venn Diagram to compare the North and the South. A = Differences of the North B = Differences of the South C = What the North and South have in common EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott Decision John Brown’s Raid Presidential Election of 1860 I. EVENTS LEADING TO CIVIL WAR A. Compromise of 1850 1. California was admitted to US as a free state 2. Popular sovereignty (voting) in Utah and New Mexico Territories 3. Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C. 4. Fugitive Slave Law (all runaway slaves be returned to their masters) passed by Congress 5. Political parties grew stronger 6. Discussions of succession and disunion 7. Abolitionists stepped up work B. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN (1852) 1. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe 2. Told of slave suffering in south 3. Book banned in South 4. Sold more copies than any other book in America besides the Bible C. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 1. Congress allows states’ to use popular sovereignty (vote) 2. Fighting for almost 10 years between abolitionists and proslavery, Bleeding Kansas O.P.T.I.C. On a sheet of notebook paper, answer the following questions: O – Overview – What is the picture? What is going On? P – Parts – Pick out 5 specific details T – What is the title? If one is not listed, make one up that relates to picture I – Interrelationship – look at the title, why did it get the title it has or why did you give it the title you did? C – Conclusion – Of all the pictures I could have shown, why this one? The artist lays on the Democrats the major blame for violence against antislavery settlers in Kansas in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Here a bearded "freesoiler“ (Someone who opposed slavery in the new territories and sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans)has been bound to the "Democratic Platform" and is restrained by presidential nominee James Buchanan and Democratic senator Lewis Cass. Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas and president Franklin Pierce, also shown as tiny figures, force a black man into the giant's gaping mouth. The freesoiler's head rests on a platform marked "Kansas," "Cuba," and "Central America," probably referring to Democratic ambitions for the extension of slavery. In the background left is a scene of burning and pillage; on the right a dead man hangs from a tree. D. DRED SCOTT DECISION IN 1857 1. Should a slave that had been transported into a free state be free? 2. Supreme Court ruled slaves were property and not citizens, no matter where in the US E. John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry - 1859 1. Abolitionist wanted to start armed slave revolt 2. Seized U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia 3. Defeated by U.S. marines, led by Robert E. Lee 4. Unsuccessful, Brown executed **see video Use O.P.T.I.C. to analyze this picture. F. 1860 Election of Abraham Lincoln 1. Republican president 2. Many southern states threatened to secede 3. South Carolina and other southern states secede – 11 states total secede 4. 1861 – Confederate States of America form, President Jefferson Davis Strengths and Weaknesses of North and South North South Population 22 million (71%) 9 million (29%) Bank Deposits 81% 19% Railroad mileage 72% 28% Factories 85% 15% Number of States 23 11 Men 15 – 40 4 million 1.14 million Leadership Number of commanders had serious weakness including lack of aggressiveness Number of very able commanders Type of War Mainly OFFENSIVE on unfamiliar ground Mainly DEFENSIVE on home ground Naval Power 40 ship U.S. navy, very large merchant marine Almost no sea power, very small merchant marine II. Causes of Civil War A. Slavery 1. North opposed 2. Southern economy depended on it B. Tariff 1. Industrialized north had high protective tariff 2. Agricultural south opposed import tax C. States’ Rights 1. South believed each state had right to decide to follow federal laws 2. North believed supreme power rested in federal government 3. South thought they had right to secede 4. North believed Union was unbreakable III. Immediate goals A. North – restore the Union B. South 1. Win independence 2. Preserve slavery and Southern way of life IV. North’s War Strategy (Anaconda Plan) A. Blockade the southern coast and cut off shipping B. Split the South by seizing control of Mississippi C. Capture Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia V. South’s War Strategy A. Fight defensive war until North grew tired B. Seize Washington, D.C., and strike north driving wedge between Northeast and Middle West VI. War Begins A. Fort Sumter, South Carolina 1861 B. Union possession of fort C. South fires upon fort and starts the Civil War Fort Sumter 1861 Fort Sumter 1863 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Notes Quiz: Background and Causes of the Civil War Give one characteristic of the North. Give one characteristic of the South. What type of farms did the South have? Which Supreme Court case ruled that slaves were property and not citizens, no matter where in the United States they were located? Why was the Fugitive Slave Act controversial? Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, what year was it published? Who was named the President of the Confederate States of America? What party was Abraham Lincoln a part of? Republican or Democrat? Who led a raid on Harper’s Ferry in Virginia in 1859? What was the end result of the raid? Give one characteristic that the North and South shared, how they were similar. V. South’s War Strategy A. Fight defensive until the north grew tired B. Seize Washington, D.C., strike north driving wedge between northeast and Middle West