Download Ch. 9 PowerPoint

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Opposing Sides
Section 2: The Early Stages
Section 3: Life During the War
Section 4: The Turning Point
Section 5: The War Ends
Visual Summary
How Is Modern Warfare
Different?
The Civil War was in many respects
the first modern war. Both sides
fielded large armies equipped with
mass-produced weapons.
Railroads and the telegraph
ensured rapid communications and
troop movements. Hundreds of
thousands of soldiers were killed.
• Why was the North able to defeat
the South?
• How did specific battles affect
President Lincoln’s political
decisions?
The Opposing Sides
What advantages and
disadvantages did the
North and South have at
the start of the Civil War?
The Early Stages
How did the Emancipation
Proclamation change the
Civil War?
Life During the War
What was life like for
soldiers and nurses during
the Civil War?
The Turning Point
Why was 1863 the pivotal
year of the Civil War?
The War Ends
Why did the Union army
wage “total war” against
the South?
Big Ideas
Government and Society The Confederacy’s weak
central government had difficulty coordinating the war
effort.
Content Vocabulary
• greenback
• habeas corpus
• conscription
• attrition
Academic Vocabulary
• sufficient
• implement
People and Events to Identify
• Robert E. Lee
• Copperheads
• James Mason
• John Slidell
• Trent Affair
• Anaconda Plan
Do you feel that the president should
be able to change a law during
wartime?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Choosing Sides
The Union had economic advantages at
the start of the Civil War, but was
politically divided; if the Confederacy
could gain European support and wear
down the North, it had a chance at
victory.
Choosing Sides (cont.)
• Robert E. Lee—one of the most respected
senior officers in the U.S. Army—received an
offer from General Winfield Scott to
command the Union’s troops.
• Although Lee had spoken against secession,
he resigned from the army and offered his
services to the Confederacy.
• Although the South had many experienced
officers to lead its troops in battle, the North
had several economic advantages.
Choosing Sides (cont.)
• Some of the North’s advantages included
the following:
− larger population
− control of a navy
− almost 90% of the nation’s factories
− more miles of railroad track
− control of the national treasury
Resources of the Union and of the Confederacy
Choosing Sides (cont.)
− continued revenue from tariffs
− large reserves of cash in banks
• Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in
February 1862, which created a national
currency and allowed the government to
issue paper money, or greenbacks.
Resources of the Union and of the Confederacy
Choosing Sides (cont.)
• As the Civil War began, President Lincoln
had to contend with divisions within his own
party.
• The Democrats also split into different
factions—the War Democrats and the Peace
Democrats (also called Copperheads).
• One major disagreement between
Republicans and Democrats concerned the
use of conscription.
Choosing Sides (cont.)
• To enforce the militia law, Lincoln suspended
writs of habeas corpus.
• Although the South had no organized
opposition party, President Jefferson Davis
still faced many problems.
− The Confederate constitution limited his
ability to conduct the war.
Choosing Sides (cont.)
• The outbreak of the Civil War put the major
governments of Europe in a difficult position.
• The British and French met informally with
the Confederate representatives in May
1861.
• In late 1861, the Confederacy sent James
Mason to Britain and John Slidell to
France.
Choosing Sides (cont.)
• A Union warship intercepted a British ship
and took Mason and Slidell prisoner—later
known as the Trent Affair.
• They were released after a few tense weeks
and continued on their mission to seek
Confederate allies in Europe.
President Lincoln suspended the writ of
habeas corpus for which people?
A. Those who opposed the war
B. Those who openly supported
the rebels
C. Those who encouraged others
to resist the militia draft
D. A and B
E. B and C
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. C
D.0% D0%
0%
E.C ED
B
0%
E
The First Modern War
Unlike previous wars, the Civil War was
fought with huge, mostly volunteer
armies equipped with new
technologies.
The First Modern War (cont.)
• By the 1850s, French and American
inventors had developed a new, inexpensive
conoidal (cone-shaped) bullet for rifles.
− Conoidal bullets were accurate at greater
ranges.
− So troops would be fired on several more
times while charging enemy lines.
The First Modern War (cont.)
• The Civil War marked the first time that
troops defending their positions protected
themselves with trenches and barriers
instead of standing upright in a line.
• Attrition played a critical role as the war
dragged on.
• The Southern disdain for remaining on the
defensive meant that when battles occurred,
Southern troops often went on the offensive,
charging enemy lines and suffering very high
causalities.
The First Modern War (cont.)
• Early in the war, the general in chief of the
United States, Winfield Scott, proposed a
strategy for defeating the South—referred to
as the Anaconda Plan.
• Lincoln agreed to implement Scott’s plan, and
imposed a blockade on Southern ports, hoping
for a quick victory.
• Ultimately, he and other Union leaders realized
that only a long war that focused on destroying
the South’s armies had any chance of success.
Early in the war, which kind of
struggle did Jefferson Davis
imagine?
A. An offensive war
B. A defensive war
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Big Ideas
Geography and History The Union hoped to seize
the Mississippi River valley and cut the Confederacy in
two.
Content Vocabulary
• bounty
• blockade runner
Academic Vocabulary
• assemble
• crucial
People and Events to Identify
• “Stonewall” Jackson
• David G. Farragut
• Ulysses S. Grant
• George B. McClellan
• Emancipation Proclamation
Do you agree that the government
should have the right to force people
to fight in a war?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Mobilizing the Troops
To fight the war successfully, it became
clear to leaders on both sides that they
would need conscription to ensure the
necessary number of troops.
Mobilizing the Troops (cont.)
• In the first months of the Civil War, President
Lincoln was under great pressure to strike
quickly against the South.
• However, during a fight along the Bull Run
River near Manassas Junction, “Stonewall”
Jackson proved that this war would not be a
short one.
Mobilizing the Troops (cont.)
• Fewer young men volunteered as the war
dragged on, and both governments had to
resort to conscription.
• The North tried to encourage voluntary
enlistment by offering a bounty to
individuals who promised to serve three
years in the military.
• Congress finally introduced a draft in 1863 to
raise necessary troops.
Which type of person was not exempt
from being drafted in the South?
A. Key government workers
B. Teachers
0%
D
0%
C
A
B0%
C
D
B
D. Planters who held at least
20 enslaved African Americans
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
A
C. Doctors
The Naval War
Although the Union had experienced
setbacks on land, its naval forces
successfully blockaded Southern ports
and took control of the mouth of the
Mississippi River.
The Naval War (cont.)
• In April 1861, President Lincoln proclaimed a
blockade of all Confederate ports.
• Although the Union blockade became
increasingly effective as the war dragged on,
Union vessels were thinly spread and found
it difficult to stop all of the blockade
runners.
• At the same time, Confederate ships
operating out of foreign ports attacked
Northern merchant ships at sea.
The Naval War (cont.)
• In February 1862, David G. Farragut took
command of a Union force of 42 warships
and 15,000 soldiers led by General Benjamin
Butler.
− On April 25, 1862, Farragut arrived in New
Orleans.
− Six days later, General Butler’s troops took
control of the South’s largest city, and a
center of cotton trade.
Where were the Confederate ships
Florida and Alabama built?
A. Germany
B. New Orleans
C. Great Britain
D. Boston
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The War in the West
After the Union victory at Shiloh, the
Union took control of eastern
Tennessee.
The War in the West (cont.)
• In February 1862, as Farragut prepared for
his attack on New Orleans, Union general
Ulysses S. Grant gained control of all of
Kentucky and most of western Tennessee.
• Next, Grant led his troops up the Tennessee
River to attack Corinth, Mississippi.
• Confederate forces launched a surprise attack
on Grant’s troops early on April 6, 1862 at
Shiloh, but Grant forced the
Confederates to retreat.
The War in the West, 1862–1863
The War in the West (cont.)
• Lincoln ordered General Don Carlos Buell to
seize Chattanooga and cut the railroad lines
that passed through the city.
• Frustrated at Buell’s slow advance, Lincoln
put General William Rosecrans in command.
More troops were killed or wounded
during the Battle of Shiloh than in any
other battle up to that point.
A. True
B. False
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The War in the East
After the Union defeated Lee at
Antietam, Britain decided to stay out of
the conflict and Lincoln issued a
proclamation to end slavery.
The War in the East (cont.)
• After General McDowell’s failure at the First
Battle of Bull Run, President Lincoln ordered
General George B. McClellan to lead the
Union army in the east.
• Although popular with the troops, McClellan
proved overly cautious and unwilling to
attack unless he had overwhelming strength.
The War in the East, 1862–1863
The War in the East (cont.)
• In late June 1862, Lee began a series of
attacks on McClellan’s army that became
known as the Seven Days’ Battle.
• Lee could not defeat the Union army but did
inflict heavy casualties and force McClellan
to retreat to the James River.
• Lincoln ordered McClellan to bring his troops
back to Washington; Lee decided to attack
the retreating forces, forcing them to
retreat once again.
The War in the East, 1862–1863
The War in the East (cont.)
• Confederate forces stood only 20 miles
away from Washington.
• Lee decided to invade Maryland for several
reasons:
− An invasion might convince the North to
accept the South’s independence.
− A victory on northern soil might help the
South win recognition from the
British.
The War in the East, 1862–1863
The War in the East (cont.)
− A victory might also help the Peace
Democrats gain control of Congress in the
upcoming elections.
− Lee could also feed his troops from
Northern farms and draw Union troops out
of Virginia during harvest season.
The War in the East, 1862–1863
The War in the East (cont.)
• The Battle of Antietam was a crucial victory
for the Union for several reasons:
− Lee’s defeat made the British decide once
again to wait and see how the war
progressed before choosing sides.
− The South lost its best chance at gaining
international recognition and support.
− Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation.
The War in the East, 1862–1863
The War in the East (cont.)
• As Lee’s forces marched toward Antietam,
Lincoln said that if the Union could drive
those forces from Northern soil, he would
issue a proclamation ending slavery.
− On September 22, 1862, Lincoln publicly
announced that he would issue the
Emancipation Proclamation.
− The Proclamation freed enslaved African
Americans in states at war with the Union,
but not the border states.
Which battle was the bloodiest oneday battle in the war and in American
history?
A. Battle of Shiloh
B. Seven Days’ Battle
C. Battle of Antietam
D. Battle of Bull Run
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration The Civil War brought
great suffering and widespread changes to civilians, as
well as soldiers, on both sides of the conflict.
Content Vocabulary
• hardtack
• prisoner of war
Academic Vocabulary
• denial
• supplement
People and Events to Identify
• 54th Massachusetts
• Elizabeth Blackwell
• United States Sanitary Commission
• Clara Barton
Do you think you could endure
hardships in order to defend a
cause?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Wartime Economies
While the South suffered inflation and
food shortages, the North prospered
during the war.
The Wartime Economies (cont.)
• The collapse of the South’s transportation
system, the blockade of Southern ports, and
the presence of Union troops in several
important agricultural regions led to severe
food shortages during the winter of 1862–1863.
The Wartime Economies (cont.)
• The North experienced an economic boom
because of the war for several reasons:
− Growing industries supplied the troops
with uniforms, munitions, and other
necessities.
− The expanded use of mechanized reapers
and mowers made farming possible with
fewer workers, many of whom were
women.
The Wartime Economies (cont.)
− Women filled labor shortages in various
industries.
• New sewing machines greatly increased the
productivity of seamstresses.
The North experienced episodes of
mob violence over which issue?
A. Food shortages
B. Slavery
C. The presidential election
D. Conscription
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
African Americans in the Military
Many African Americans eagerly
enlisted in the Union war effort.
African Americans in the Military (cont.)
• The Emancipation Proclamation officially
permitted African Americans to enlist in the
Union forces.
− Almost immediately, thousands of African
Americans enlisted.
• Among the first African American regiments
organized in the North was the 54th
Massachusetts, which fought
valiantly at the Battle of
Fort Wagner.
The Battle of Fort Wagner
Which percentage of the Union
army’s soldiers were African
Americans?
A. 5%
B. 7%
C. 9%
D. 11%
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Military Life
Soldiers suffered physical hardship
and women provided medical
assistance.
Military Life (cont.)
• Union and Confederate soldiers suffered
many hardships during the long days and
weeks between battles.
− For the Union soldier, meals often consisted
of hardtack, potatoes, and beans, flavored
at times with dried salt pork.
• The Civil War produced huge numbers of
casualties, and doctors struggled to tend to
the wounded.
Military Life (cont.)
• Women helped the war effort at home by
managing family farms and businesses.
• On the battlefield, women made dramatic
contributions to the Civil War by serving as
nurses.
− In 1861, Elizabeth Blackwell, the first
female physician in the United States, started
the nation’s first training program for nurses.
• Her work led to the creation of the United States
Sanitary Commission.
Military Life (cont.)
− Clara Barton left her job in patent office to
nurse soldiers on the battlefield.
• Prisoners of war also suffered terribly
during the conflict.
− The most infamous prison in the South,
Andersonville in Georgia, had no shade or
shelter.
− Exposure, overcrowding, lack of food, and
disease resulted in the deaths of 13,000 of
the 45,000 prisoners sent there.
One of the greatest threats facing
Civil War soldiers was which of the
following?
A. Disease
B. Gunshot wounds
C. Starvation
D. Exhaustion
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Geography and History The Union victory at
Vicksburg cut the Confederacy in two.
Content Vocabulary
• forage
• siege
Academic Vocabulary
• encounter
• promote
People and Events to Identify
• Ambrose Burnside
• Joseph Hooker
• George Meade
• Gettysburg
• Pickett’s Charge
• William Tecumseh Sherman
Do you feel that choosing a good
leader is difficult?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Vicksburg Falls
General Grant captured Vicksburg,
thus gaining control of the Mississippi
River and dividing the South.
Vicksburg Falls (cont.)
• Despite previous successes, one major
Confederate stronghold remained on the
river—Vicksburg, Mississippi.
• To distract Confederates while he carried out
this difficult task of approaching Vicksburg,
Grant ordered Colonel Benjamin Grierson to
take his troops on a raid through Mississippi.
The Siege of Vicksburg
Vicksburg Falls (cont.)
• Grant embarked on a daring march east,
ordering his troops to forage as they
marched.
• Grant decided that the only way to take
Vicksburg was to put it under siege.
• After six weeks, the Confederate
commander surrendered.
The Siege of Vicksburg
Why was capturing Vicksburg an important
victory for the Union?
A. The Union could control
most of the South now.
B. The Confederacy was
geographically cut in two.
C. The Union needed the port
for shipping purposes.
D. The Confederacy could
not import food.
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
The Road to Gettysburg
Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of
the war and the last time the
Confederates invaded the North.
The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• On November 7, 1862, Lincoln fired
McClellan and gave command of the army to
General Ambrose Burnside.
− Lincoln later replaced Burnside with
Joseph Hooker.
• Lee’s forces repeatedly defeated the Union
troops near Chancellorsville, Virginia, and
Hooker decided to retreat.
The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• Lincoln then removed Hooker from
command and replaced him with General
George Meade.
• Lee’s army foraged in the Pennsylvania
countryside—some of his troops headed into
the town of Gettysburg to scout for the
enemy.
The Battle of Gettysburg
The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• The Confederates pushed the Union troops
out of the town and into the hills of the south.
• Lee attacked, but the Union troops held their
ground.
• Lee then ordered what came to be known as
Pickett’s Charge.
• At Gettysburg, over one-third of Lee’s entire
force was killed or wounded.
The Battle of Gettysburg
The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• The Union suffered 23,000 casualties, but
could afford the losses.
• Gettysburg proved to be the turning point in
the war.
The Battle of Gettysburg
Why was Gettysburg a turning point in the
war?
A. The Union’s victory strengthened
the Republicans politically.
B. The Union’s victory ensured
that Britain would not recognize
the Confederacy.
C. Lee’s forces fought on the
defensive for the rest of the war.
D. All of the above
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%
C.
C0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Battle for Tennessee
After Grant won control of Tennessee,
Lincoln appointed him general in chief.
Battle for Tennessee (cont.)
• After the Union’s major victories at Vicksburg
and Gettysburg, fierce fighting erupted in
Tennessee near Chattanooga.
• Grant ordered General William Tecumseh
Sherman to attack Confederate positions on
the north end of Missionary Ridge.
• When Sherman failed to break through, Grant
ordered 23,000 men under General George
Thomas to launch a limited attack against the
Confederates in front of Missionary Ridge as a
diversion.
Battle for Tennessee (cont.)
• Thomas’s troops succeeded, winning
Chattanooga for the Union army.
• Lincoln rewarded Grant’s victories at
Vicksburg and Chattanooga by appointing
him general in chief of the Union forces and
promoting him to lieutenant general.
Why was Chattanooga an important
victory?
D. A and B
B
A
E. All of the above
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
E
C. It cleared the way for an
invasion of Georgia.
A
B
C
D
E
D
B. It secured eastern Tennessee.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
C
A. It was a vital railroad junction.
Big Ideas
Individual Action In the final year of the Civil War,
General Ulysses S. Grant refused to take the pressure
off General Robert E. Lee’s weary troops.
Content Vocabulary
• pillage
• mandate
Academic Vocabulary
• subordinate
• structure
People and Events to Identify
• Philip Sheridan
• “Sherman neckties”
• March to the Sea
• Thirteenth Amendment
• Appomattox Courthouse
Do you think that the Civil War was
necessary in order to end slavery?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Grant Versus Lee
During the final year of the war, Grant’s
forces battled Lee’s forces for control
of Virginia.
Grant Versus Lee (cont.)
• Grant fought Lee’s army in the Wilderness,
Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor.
• Stopped by Lee at Cold Harbor, Grant
ordered General Philip Sheridan to stage a
cavalry raid north and west of Richmond.
• While Sheridan’s troops distracted Lee,
Grant headed southeast, crossed the James
River, and then turned west toward
Petersburg.
Grant v. Lee, 1864–1865
Grant Versus Lee (cont.)
• The strength of the defenses the
Confederates had erected at Petersburg
intimidated the Union troops, so Grant
ordered his troops to put the city under
siege.
Grant v. Lee, 1864–1865
Capturing which city would cut the
only railroad line into Richmond?
A. Spotsylvania
B. Cold Harbor
C. Petersburg
D. Fredericksburg
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Union Advances
After the fall of Atlanta, General
Sherman led his troops across the
state of Georgia, causing mass
destruction along the way.
The Union Advances (cont.)
• On August 5, 1864, Admiral Farragut sealed
off Mobile Bay in Alabama.
• In late August 1864, Sherman’s troops
destroyed the rail lines by heating the rails
and twisting them into snarls of steel
nicknamed “Sherman neckties.”
• General B. Hood ordered his troops to
evacuate Atlanta.
The Union Advances (cont.)
• Sherman ordered all civilians to leave
Atlanta, and burnt down more than one-third
of the city.
• He then began his March to the Sea and
seized the city of Savannah.
• After reaching the sea, the troops marched
to South Carolina and pillaged everything in
front of them.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Why did Sherman’s troops march to South
Carolina?
A. To further destroy the South
B. South Carolina was considered
the home of the Confederacy.
C. Many people believed that South
Carolina started the Civil War.
D. To claim it for the Union
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
The South Surrenders
After Lee surrendered, Lincoln was
assassinated before the country had
agreed on the future of former slaves
and the defeated South.
The South Surrenders (cont.)
• To oppose Lincoln in the 1864 election, the
Democrats nominated General George B.
McClellan.
• Lincoln won reelection with 55% of the
popular vote, and interpreted his reelection
as a mandate to end slavery permanently by
amending the Constitution.
• On January 31, 1865, the Thirteenth
Amendment was added to the Constitution.
The South Surrenders (cont.)
• With his ragged and battered troops
surrounded and outnumbered, Lee
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
Courthouse on April 9, 1865.
• Grant’s generous terms of surrender
guaranteed that the United States would not
prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason.
The South Surrenders (cont.)
• On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln
went to Ford’s Theatre with his wife to see a
play.
− During the third act, John Wilkes Booth
slipped quietly behind him and shot the
president in the back of the head.
− Lincoln’s death shocked and saddened the
nation.
The South Surrenders (cont.)
• The North’s victory in the Civil War caused
many changes:
− It strengthened the power of the federal
government over the states.
− It transformed American society by finally
ending slavery.
− It left the South socially and economically
devastated.
The Cost of the Civil War
Which idea of Lincoln’s eventually
caused his death?
A. Freeing African Americans
D. Giving African Americans the
right to vote
0%
0%
D
A
B0%
C
D
C
A
C. Allowing African Americans
to attend school
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
B. Including African Americans
in Southern state governments
North v. South
1861
• Lincoln orders a blockade of Southern ports.
• The Confederacy organizes its government.
• The South wins the First Battle of Bull Run.
• Both sides begin building
up their forces.
North v. South
1862
• Farragut captures New Orleans.
• After the Battles of Shiloh and Murfreesboro, the Union
gains control of western Tennessee.
• Led by McClellan, Union troops land in Virginia to
begin the Peninsular Campaign; after a series of
battles with Lee’s forces,
McClellan’s forces withdraw.
• Lee invades the North, but is
defeated at the Battle of Antietam.
North v. South
1863: The Turning Point
• Lincoln issues the
Emancipation Proclamation.
• Grant captures Vicksburg after a long siege and cuts the
Confederacy in two.
• After winning the battles of Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville, Lee invades the north but is defeated at
the Battle of Gettysburg.
• After losing the Battle of Chickamauga, Union forces drive
back Southern forces at the Battle of Chattanooga.
• Grant is given command of all Union forces.
North v. South
1864
• Grant battles Lee’s forces in northern Virginia; Lee
retreats into Petersburg, which Grant puts under siege.
• Sherman captures Atlanta, then begins his March to
the Sea across Georgia.
North v. South
1865
• Lee attempts to escape from
Petersburg but is surrounded
by Grant’s forces and
surrenders at Appomattox
Courthouse; other Confederate
forces surrender as well.
• Lincoln is assassinated.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Why It Matters
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
ANSWER: Union
ANSWER: Union
troops
greenback
a piece of U.S. paper money first
issued by the North during the
Civil War
conscription
requiring people to enter military
service
habeas corpus
a legal order for an inquiry to
determine whether a person has
been lawfully imprisoned
attrition
the act of wearing down by constant
harassment or attack
sufficient
enough, adequate
implement
to put into action; to assemble
bounty
money given as a reward, as to
encourage enlistment in the army
blockade runner
ship that runs through a blockade,
usually to smuggle goods through a
protected area
assemble
to bring together in a certain place for
a particular purpose
crucial
something considered important or
essential
hardtack
a hard biscuit made of wheat flour
prisoner of war
a person captured in war
denial
refusal to satisfy a request or desire
supplement
an addition to something, meant to
make it complete
forage
to search or raid for food
siege
a military blockade of a city or fortified
place to force it to surrender
encounter
to come upon face-to-face as an
enemy or adversary
promote
to advance in station, rank, or honor
pillage
to loot or plunder
mandate
authorization to act given to a
representative
subordinate
one who is under the authority of a
superior
structure
something that is composed or
arranged into a unified whole, as a
building or edifice
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter Introduction, or
Visual Summary slides to access the transparencies that are relevant to this
chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily
Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the History Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Maps in Motion, Graphs in Motion,
Charts in Motion, Concepts in Motion, and figures from your textbook are located at
the bottom of relevant screens.
This slide is intentionally blank.