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Ch.19, Sec.1- The War Begins Lincoln Faces a Crisis • By early March 1861 the federal troops at Fort Sumter were running low on supplies. Instead of ordering troops to surrender, President Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply them. Before the supply ships arrived, South Carolina demanded that the Union troops leave the fort. The fort’s commander, Major Robert Anderson, refused to do so. On April 12, 1861, Confederate guns opened fire on the fort, starting the Civil War. After 34 hours, Anderson had no choice but to surrender. Lincoln declared that the South was in rebellion and asked the state governors to provide 75,000 militiamen to help put down the revolt. Choosing Sides • Slave states that had not joined the Confederacy had to choose sides. North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy soon after Lincoln’s request for troops. Richmond, Virginia became the Confederacy’s capital. 4 slave states did not secede: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. These states were called border states. The new state of West Virginia also joined the Union in 1863. The Volunteer Spirit • At the start of the war, the Union army had only 16,000 troops. In the border states, members of the same family often joined opposing sides in the war. Lincoln’s wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, had four brothers who fought for the Confederacy. • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to earn a medical license, helped convince Lincoln to form the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861. They sent bandages, medicines, and food to Union army camps and hospitals. The North Versus the South • At the beginning of the war, the North had several key advantages over the South. The much larger population of the North provided more soldiers. The North had most of the nation’s factories and more shipyards. It also had a better network of railways, which allowed for more efficient transportation. Finally, the Union was able to raise more money to spend on the war. • The Confederacy also had advantages. The South’s military tradition provided it with many skilled officers. Also, the South needed only to defend itself until the North grew tired of the war. The North Versus the South cont. • Union general Winfield Scott developed the Union’s twopart strategy. He wanted to destroy the South’s economy through a naval blockade of southern seaports. Scott also wanted to gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy and cut its communications. The South tried to use cotton diplomacy, which was based on the southern belief that the British government would support them because cotton was important to Great Britain’s textile industry. However, the British had a large supply of cotton stockpiled when the war began. They also got cotton from India and Egypt. Sec.2- The War in the East Two Armies Meet • The first major battle took place in July 1861. President Lincoln had General Irvin McDowell lead about 35,000 barely trained troops from Washington toward Richmond. The 2 armies met at Manassas Junction, Virginia. 35,000 Confederate troops were lined along Bull Run Creek led by General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. Jackson’s example inspired other Confederate troops, who said” There is Jackson standing like a stone wall”. Fresh southern troops soon arrived, driving the Union army back to Washington. The Confederates might have captured the Union capital if they were not so tired and disorganized. The First Battle of Bull Run broke the Union’s hopes of winning the war quickly and easily. More Battles in Virginia • Lincoln sent his new commander, General George B. McClellan to capture Richmond. By April 1862 McClellan and a huge force were camped near Yorktown, Virginia. He didn’t attack though because he thought his troops were outnumbered. This gave the Confederates time to strengthen Richmond’s defenses. In early May, McClellan finally took Yorktown. • President Jefferson Davis put General Robert E. Lee in charge of the Confederate army in Virginia in June 1862. Lee had served in the Mexican War and led the federal troops that captured John Brown at Harpers Ferry. Lincoln even asked him to lead the Union forces in 1861. Although Lee was against slavery and secession, he was loyal to the South. When Virginia left the Union, Lee resigned from the U.S. Army and returned home. More Battles in Virginia cont. • After scouting Union positions, Lee attacked on June 26, 1862. During the next week, the two armies fought five separate times in what came to be known as the Seven Days’ Battles. The Confederates suffered more than 20,000 casualties, and the Union suffered nearly 16,000. However, Lee forced McClellan to retreat from the area around Richmond. • Lincoln then ordered General John Pope to advance directly on Richmond from Washington. This battle became known as the Second Battle of Bull Run. Caught off guard, Pope’s army fell apart. By the end of August 1862, Lee had pushed most of the Union forces out of Virginia. He then decided to take the war into the North. The Battle of Antietam • Confederate leaders hoped a victory on northern soil might break the Union’s spirit and convince European powers to aid the South. On September 4, 1862, about 40,000 Confederate soldiers entered Maryland. Union soldiers had found a copy of Lee’s battle plan, which General McClellan used to plan a counterattack. On September 17, 1862, the armies met at Antietam Creek in Maryland. The Battle of Antietam lasted for hours, and by the end of the day, the Union had suffered more than 12,000 casualties and the Confederates more than 13,000. Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war, but the Union won a key victory. Antietam cost Lee many of his troops and stopped his northward advance. However, McClellan allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia. Two months later, Lincoln was tired of McClellan’s delays and he took the command in the East away from him. The War at Sea • The Union navy blockaded the South, cutting off trade and hurting the economy. The blockade was hard to maintain because the Union navy had to patrol thousands of miles of coastline from Virginia to Texas. The South used small, fast ships called blockade runners to outrun the larger Union warships and reach trading ports. The War at Sea cont. • The Confederacy began using a new type of warship called the ironclad, which was heavily armored with iron. The Confederates had turned a captured Union ship into an ironclad, renamed the Virginia. In March 1862, the ironclad sailed into Hampton Roads, Virginia, where Union ships guarded this waterway. The ironclad easily sank 2 of the Union’s wooden ships. The Union had already built their own ironclad as well, called the Monitor. When the Virginia returned to Hampton Roads on March 9, 1862, the Monitor was waiting. After several hours of fighting, neither ship was seriously damaged, but the Monitor forced the Virginia to withdraw, thus keeping the blockade going. Sec.3- The War in the West Western Strategy • Union strategy in the West focused on controlling the Mississippi River, which would allow the North to cut off eastern states of the Confederacy from sources of food production. Ulysses S. Grant was the most important figure in the war in the West. He had served in the Mexican War, and later resigned from the army. When the Civil War broke out, he quickly volunteered to serve with the Union Army. By September 1861, Lincoln made him a general. • On April 6, 1862, the Confederates began the Battle of Shiloh. Catching Grant by surprise, they pushed his army back. Grant ordered his troops to hold their ground. During the night, more Union soldiers arrived. On April 7, Grant began a counterattack. By that evening, the Confederates were in retreat, and the Union had won greater control of the Mississippi River Valley. The Battle of Shiloh was one of the first major battles of the war. Fighting for the Mississippi River • Flag Officer David Farragut sailed past the forts guarding New Orleans. On April 24, 1862, he ordered his warships to advance through the Confederate gunfire. His ships arrived the next day, and New Orleans surrendered on April 29. He then continued up the Mississippi River and took Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi. All that was left to take was Vicksburg, Mississippi. • John C. Pemberton led the Confederate forces at Vicksburg. In the Spring of 1863, General Grant blocked southern forces from aiding Vicksburg. He then surrounded the city with his troops. The Siege of Vicksburg lasted about 6 weeks. As supplies ran out, the residents and soldiers in the city survived by eating horses, dogs, and rats. Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. The Far West • In August 1861, Confederate forces from Texas marched into New Mexico, but were defeated by the Union forces at Glorieta Pass, near Santa Fe, New Mexico. This ended Confederate hopes of controlling the Southwest. • The Confederates also tried to take Missouri, but were turned back when they tried to siege the federal arsenal at St. Louis in the summer of 1861. In March 1862, Union forces and pro-Confederate Missourians met at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas. Some American Indians, mainly Cherokee, fought on the side of the Confederates hoping for greater independence than the Union had given. In addition, slavery was legal in Indian Territory, and some American Indians who were slaveholders supported the Confederacy. Despite being outnumbered, the Union forces won the Battle of Pea Ridge, giving the Union the upper hand in Missouri. Sec.4- Life During the War Freeing the Slaves • President Lincoln supported freeing the slaves if it would help the North win the war. He feared that northern prejudice against African-Americans might weaken support for the war if emancipation became a goal. He was afraid some northerners would consider slaves to be property that southerners had the right to keep. In addition, the Constitution did not give him the power to end slavery. Lincoln decided to issue a military order freeing slaves only in areas controlled by the Confederacy. Lincoln did not want to anger citizens in the border states. After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, Lincoln called for all slaves in Confederate controlled areas to be freed. The Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863. This loss of slave labor hurt the southern economy and the Confederate war effort. Many northern Democrats opposed the Emancipation Proclamation, wanting only to restore the Union, not end slavery. African Americans and the War • Congress allowed the army to sign up African American volunteers as laborers in July 1862 because the Union needed soldiers. The War Department also gave contrabands, or escaped slaves, the right to join the Union army in South Carolina. By the spring of 1863, African American units were fighting in the field with the Union army. The 54th Massachusetts Infantry consisted mostly of free African Americans. The 54th became the most famous African American unit of the war. About 180,000 African Americans served with the Union army during the war. For most of the war, African American soldiers received less pay than white soldiers. They were usually led by white officers. They also faced greater danger from Confederate troops, who often killed African American prisoners of war or sold them into slavery. Problems in the North • Northerners were growing upset by the length of the war and the increasing number of casualties. A group of northern Democrats led by Clement L. Vallandigham began to speak out against the war. War supporters called them Copperheads. Lincoln believed they were a threat to the war effort, so he suspended the right of Habeas Corpus, or the Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment. By ignoring this protection, Union officials could put their enemies in jail without either evidence or trial. This angered the Democrats. • More debate arose in March 1863, when Congress passed a law allowing men to be drafted into military service. Wealthy people could legally buy their way out of military service. In July 1863, riots targeting African Americans and draft officials broke out in New York City. Many of the rioters were poor immigrants afraid of losing their jobs to freed African Americans. Southern Struggles • In the spring of 1863, food riots broke out in several southern cities, including Richmond. Southern officials ordered local newspapers not to mention these riots because they feared the news would embarrass the South and encourage the North to keep fighting. • There was also controversy among southerners over their new draft law, approved by Davis in 1862 despite much criticism. One problem was that the southern draft did not apply to men who held many slaves. This angered poor southerners who generally held few if any slaves. They then began calling this “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.” Some southerners even took up arms against Confederate officials. Life on the Home Front • Women played an important role in providing medical care for soldiers. Dorthea Dix headed more than 3,000 women who served as paid nurses in the Union army. Clara Barton worked as a volunteer, organizing the collection of medicine and supplies for delivery to Union troops on the battlefield. Her work formed the basis for what would become the American Red Cross. About twice as many Civil War soldiers died of disease than died in combat. Sec.5- The Tide of the War Turns The Battle of Gettysburg • In the Battle of Chancellorsville, Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops. Doctors cut off his left arm to try to save his life. Jackson still got worse, and he died a few days after the battle ended. Lee said “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right”. • The victory at Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg encouraged Lee to launch another offensive into Union territory. His goals were to break the North’s will to fight and capture needed supplies for his army. He hoped another victory would turn the war in favor of the Confederacy. When Lee went to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, he was unaware the Union forces were just northwest of the town. The Battle of Gettysburg began on July 1, 1863, with about 75,000 Confederate troops against about 90,000 Union troops. The Battle of Gettysburg cont. • On July 2, Lee ordered an attack on the left side of the Union line. The bold charge of Union Colonel Joshua Chamberlin’s troops at Little Round Top turned back the Confederates. Then General George Meade placed more soldiers on the Union line. Lee planned to rush the center of the Union line. Three divisions of Confederate soldiers were to carry this out. General George Pickett commanded the largest unit. Late that afternoon, about 14,000 men took part in Pickett’s Charge up Cemetery Ridge. The attack was a disaster. Fewer than half of Pickett’s troops reached the top of the ridge. All those who reached the Union wall were captured or killed. Only about 6,500 men returned to the Confederate rear. A Turning Point • Lee retreated from Gettysburg on July 4, and it was the turning point of the war. Lee’s troops would never again launch an attack on northern soil. This took place the same day as the fall of Vicksburg. The Union lost about 23,000 soldiers in this battle to the Confederates 28,000. • President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863. This is one of the most famous speeches in American history. He spoke of the importance of liberty, equality, and democratic ideals. He reminded listeners that the war was being fought to protect these principles. Lincoln dedicated himself and the rest of the North to winning the war and preserving the Union. Grant’s Drive to Richmond • From May through June in 1864, the two armies fought a series of battles in northern and central Virginia. Grant was now the head of the Union forces and was ordered to capture Richmond. These series of battles was called the Wilderness Campaign with about 100,000 Union men against 70,000 Confederates. The Battle of Cold Harbor was Grant’s worst defeat of the campaign, ending Grant’s plans to advance to Richmond. Union forces suffered twice as many casualties as the Confederates in the Wilderness Campaign, but Grant knew Lee was getting low on troops. Grant was winning the war, but not capturing Richmond was discouraging Lincoln. Sherman Strikes the South • General William Tecumseh Sherman’s goal was to take Atlanta. The Confederate troops retreated as Sherman held Atlanta under siege. Atlanta fell to Sherman on September 2, 1864. Much of the city was destroyed. Sherman ordered the residents to leave. This victory led to Lincoln getting re-elected. Sherman then waged total war in his quest to take Savannah, or destroying both civilian and military resources. Sherman felt this would ruin the South’s economy and ability to fight. He ordered his troops to destroy railways, bridges, livestock, and other resources. They burned plantations and freed slaves. He reached Savannah on December 10, 1864. The South Surrenders • On April 2, 1865, Lee was forced to retreat from Richmond. By the second week of April 1865, Grant had surrounded Lee’s army and demanded its surrender. Lee hoped to join the remaining Confederates in North Carolina, but Grant cut off his escape. Trapped in the small town of Appomattox Courthouse, Lee signed the surrender documents on April 9, 1865. Almost 620,000 Americans lost their lives in the 4 years of fighting. It was the most costly conflict in American history.