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The End of the Civil War Jay Winik The End of the Civil War Unit 10 W arming up B ackground T ext Analysis R einforcement The End of the Civil War Unit 10 Questions/Activities Check-on Preview Objectives Warming up Warming up Questions/Activities 1. How did civil wars usually end? Any examples? What about the Liberation War in China? 2. In what ways was the ending of the American Civil War unique? 3. According to the author, what made this special ending possible? 4. In what ways was such an ending significant to the US? Warming up Questions/Activities 1. Please make a list of the names of people and places in the essay and put them into historical context. 2. Was Lee’s decision to surrender easy? Why or why not? 3. What was Lincoln’s vision for the end of the Civil War? 4. How do you interpret Lee’s and Grant’s different ways of attiring at the Appomattox House? 5. Against what a background did the Bennett House Surrender take place? 6. Why did the Bennett House Surrender conclude the same way as the Appomattox Surrender? Warming up Check-on Preview Who’s who and for what? The Union 1. Abraham Lincoln a. Union General Commander 2. Ulysses S. Grant b. US President 3. Andrew Johnson c. Union Secretary of State 4. William Seward d. Union General 5. Bill Sherman e. Vice President A. Mercy B. Punishment C. Not Known Warming up Check-on Preview The Confederacy Who’s who and for what? 1. Jefferson Davis a. Commanding General, Moral Conscience of the South 2. Robert Lee b. Confederate President 3. Mary Lee c. Confederate General 4. Joe Johnston d. Great-granddaughter of Washington A. Surrender B. Guerilla Warfare C. Not Known Warming up Objectives 1. Understand the structure of the essay. 2. Understand the uniqueness of the ending of the American Civil War. 3. Explain the significance of such an ending to America. 4. Understand different historic perspectives. The End of the Civil War Author Background History Unit 10 Background Jay Winik Author • Senior scholar of history and public policy in the School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland • Leading historian of the American Civil War Background History A quiz on the civil war 1. The combatants in the Civil War were the Union (northern states) against the Confederacy (southern states). This war had many causes. What do the historians believe to True or False? 2. be the primary? A. Political turmoil B. Secession C. Slavery issues D. States’ rights Background 3. 4. 5. 6. History The North and the South quarreled in the Congress over whether the newly-acquired states in the west should be admitted into the union as free states or slave states. True or False? The North and the South were much different in its people, customs and way of life. True or False? Neither side was really prepared for war. The North had a small army and the South had none. True or False? The war would see about 75,000 orphans losing their fathers. Therefore, memory of the war has lasted for generations. True or False? Background History Movie & TV Productions on the Civil War The End of the Civil War Unit 10 Theme Text Analysis Structure Detailed Analysis Text Analysis Theme Questions for thinking 1. In what ways was the ending of the American Civil War unique in the human history of civil wars? 2. According to the author, was such an ending inevitable or not? Why or why not? 3. According to the text, what contributed to such a unique ending? Text Analysis Structure I. Purpose and approach (paras. 1-2) II. The Appomattox Surrender (paras. 3-15) A. Lee’s decision to surrender (paras. 3-5) B. Lincoln’s vision (paras. 6-8) C. The Appomattox Surrender (paras. 9-15) III. The final surrender (paras. 16-22) A. Volatile situation after the surrender (paras. 16-19) B. The Bennett House Surrender (paras. 20-22) Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part I: Discussion 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the common concern in the study of wars? What is the author’s research topic/purpose? Why does the author choose such a topic? What kind of historic outlook does the author have? inevitability vs. chance events 5. What kind of approach does the author adopt? 6. What should be the right approach toward history? 7. What is the academic writing like? (para. 1) research topic (what) rationale for the topic (why) approach (how) Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (A): Discussion 1. What was the fateful choice facing Robert Lee? Good citizens with honor and dignity vs. 2. What were Lee’s concerns? Rebels with rage in a continued civil war Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (A): Discussion Lee raised the dreaded concept of surrender, and he said, “What will the country think?” (para.4) And Wise looked over at Lee, and he said, “Country? My God, man, you are the country to these men.” (para.5) 3. Did Lee and Wise mean the same thing by “the country”? Why or why not? 4. What if Lee shared Wise’s understanding? 5. How were the different understandings significant to the ending of the Civil War? Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (A): Words & Expressions be caked with The surfaces of this living area are always caked with oil stains. He didn’t look alarmed or frightened, but his forehead was caked with dirt and blood. Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (B): Discussion 1. What did Lincoln fear? • Guerrilla warfare • A final bloody Armageddon 2. What was Lincoln’s vision? • No hangings or bloody work • But surrender with dignity and grace → Abraham Lincoln visits City Point, VA Text Analysis Detailed Analysis “Let them surrender and go home, they will not take up arms again. Let them all go, officers and all, let them have their horses to plow with, and, if you like, their guns to shoot crows with. Treat them liberally… I say, give them the most liberal and honorable terms.” ——Abraham Lincoln (City Point, Virginia, on board River Queen, March 28, 1865) Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (B): Words & Expressions in effect/fact/reality City Point was, in effect, an armed command post for the Northern Army…. confer with • to meet and discuss with (sb) to make a decision He always confers with his colleagues before reaching a decision. Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (C): Discussion 1. How was the Appomattox surrender “far richer”? • Uncertainty of Lee’s fate: another defeated general? • Outcries for punishment and vengeance • What if Grant, who has a reputation as “Unconditional Surrender,” did not carry out Lincoln’s vision? • Thousands of men standing at rapt attention Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (C): Discussion “And he should have been nervous because, throughout history, as he knew all too well, defeated generals and revolutionaries and traitors were typically beheaded, or they were hanged, or they were imprisoned or, like General Napoleon, they were exiled.” 2. Who were these generals and revolutionaries? Give some names! 3. Why so? → Typically, people believe that the ending of the war decides who is right! Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (C): Discussion 4. What are the terms for surrender? • The Army of Northern Virginia: paroled • Soldiers: take home their horses or mules • Officers: allowed to keep their sidearms (Lee spared from the humiliation of a classic surrender of his sword) Text Analysis Detailed Analysis The Appomattox Surrender → more information 5. Lee’s and Grant’s different ways of attiring, deliberate or not? Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Quotes from Ulysses Grant: • “I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly, and had suffered so much for a cause, though that cause was, I believe, one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one for which there was the least excuse. I do not question, however, the sincerity of the great mass of those who were opposed to us.” • “The war is over. The rebels are our countrymen again, and the best sight of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations.” Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Quotes from General Lee: • “Boys, I have done the best I could for you. Go home now. And if you make as good citizens as you have soldiers, you will do well. I shall always be proud of you. Goodbye. And God bless you all.” From the crowd came a loud cry. “Farewell, General Lee! I wish for your sake and mine that every damned Yankee on earth was sunk ten miles in hell!” Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part II (C): Words & Expressions at hand • close in distance or time defy logic; defy the odds • to go against sth; not to happen according to the principles The company’s explanation for the accident defies logic. Review straighten up telescope rip apart want a piece of sth throng forge digress Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part III (A): Volatile situation after Appomattox 1. Confederate armies still fighting in the field Commander Date of Surrender Tennessee Joseph E. Johnston April 18, 1865 Alabama & Mississippi Richard Taylor May 4, 1865 Arkansas M. Jeff Thompson May 12, 1865 Louisiana & Texas E. Kirby Smith May 26, 1865 Indian Territory Stand Watie June 28, 1865 Text Analysis Detailed Analysis 2. Jefferson Davis calling for guerrilla warfare • • • • • • Senator President of the Confederacy Advocate of guerrilla warfare Captured and imprisoned on May 10, 1865 Failed business man Author: The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government Text Analysis Detailed Analysis 3. Mary Lee’s urge for continued fighting • • Robert Lee’s wife Great-granddaughter of Martha Washington → What might the Confederacy mean to Mary Lee and to many other confederates? Text Analysis Detailed Analysis 4. Assassination of Lincoln—decapitation! • • • April 14, 1865, Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. Assassin: John Wilkes Booth Part of a larger conspiracy for continued fighting Text Analysis Detailed Analysis 5. Union government in crisis What was the crisis? • President assassinated • Vice-president incapable and unpopular • Temptations for regency, cabinet government and military coup • Generals suspected and later warned → The transition mechanism Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Andrew Johnson, the buffoon • • • • • • Southerner, born in North Carolina 17th President of the US (1865-1869) Conciliatory policies towards the South Vetoes of civil rights bills No clear party identity—the buffoon The first US President to undergo an impeachment trial Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Bill Sherman, the conspirator? • • • • No. 2 in the Union Army, after Grant Nervous breakdown during the Civil War “Create havoc and destruction of all resources that would be beneficial to the enemy.” Disrepute in the Westward Moment Text Analysis Detailed Analysis The transition mechanism established by the founders (Founding Fathers) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. President Vice-President House Speaker Acting Senate Speaker Secretary of State Secretary of Treasury Section 1, Article II, the Constitution Amendment XX Amendment XXV Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part III (A): Words & Expressions behind sth • responsible for sth; the cause of sth What’s behind his overnight success? He’s one of the people behind the rapid development in computer science. Review for that matter surrender be descended from volatile unseat figure under way intend for sb to do write off grip Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part III (B): Discussion 1. How did Sherman behave differently in handling the Bennett House Surrender? How to account for the change? 2. How did Sherman and the Washington circles interpret Sherman’s generous terms to Confederates? • Sherman Carrying out Lincoln’s vision • The Washington circles (the Union Cabinet) A conspiracy to bride Confederate officers with very generous terms A Napoleonic coup under way Grant sent to talk to Sherman Perceptions Matter! Text Analysis Detailed Analysis Part III (B): Words & Expressions a day’s / two days’, etc. worth of sth • an amount of sth that lasts for a specified length of time He has 50 years’ worth of experience in teaching. pave the way for sb/sth • to make it easier for sb to do sth or for sth to happen His research paved the way for developing new IT products. Review in chaos take over The End of the Civil War Unit 10 Discussion Reinforcement Reinforcement Discussion 1. Reconsider the ending of the American Civil War • • What lessons shall we learn from the unique ending of the American Civil War? How do you understand “War does not decide who is right but who is left.”? Reinforcement Discussion 2. Reconsider our historic outlook • • Where do you stand in the old debate “Is it the times that produce their heroes, or the heroes who usher in the times?” How do you understand “the richness of history”?