Download 15 Crucible of Freedom: Civil War 1861 – 1865

Crucible of Freedom:
Civil War 1861 – 1865
Abraham Lincoln
• First Inaugural Address
•
http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres31.html
– What promise about the issue of
slavery did Lincoln make?
– Did Southerners believe him?
– What action had some southern
states taken?
– What promise had Lincoln made
about Federal property?
Fort Sumter
Read page
511 (red text) or
358 (green text)
465 (blue text)
and summarize the
events of April 12,
1861.
Fort Sumter
• April 12, 1861, South Carolina militia
began a bombard of Fort Sumter to
prevent relief ships from bringing supplies
– Lincoln declared an insurrection and called for
75,000 militia from loyal states.
– This prompted several more southern states
to secede (map 421)
• Stephen Douglas, “I deprecate war, but if it
must come I am with my country, under all
circumstances, and in every contingency.”
CIVIL WAR MILITARY
• Pick your
Advantages!
• See which
advantages actually
prove successful as
the season unfolds!
• Will your picks survive
the season?
CIVIL WAR MILITARY
•
•
#1 Homefield Advantage
#2 Standing Army
– 16, 000 vs 0
•
#3 Trained Officer Corps
– 2,000 vs 1,000
•
#4 Population
– 22 million vs 9 million
Key:
Dk Blue = Union
Lt Blue = Neutral, controlled by
Union
Red = CSA
White = unorganized territories
CIVIL WAR MILITARY
•
#5 Politics:
– Two Party vs No Party
•
#6 Developed
Banking System
– Federal vs States
– Tax collection, funds
transfer
CIVIL WAR MILITARY
• #7 Railroads
– 2/3 vs 1/3
• #8 Telegraph lines
– Some vs None
• #9 Established
Industry
– 90% vs 10%
CIVIL WAR MILITARY
• #10 Victory
Conditions
– Enemy Surrenders vs
Enemy Quits
• Or
– Complete and Total
Victory vs “A tie is as
good as a win”
• #11 Morale/Cause
– States Rights vs
Permanence of Union
General Winfield Scott’s Plan
• Anaconda Plan: Blockade the
southern coastline, capture the
Mississippi River, then wait for
Southern Unionists to sieze
control of the CSA.
#1 Homefield
Advantage to
whom?
Lincoln’s Initial Moves
• Advantage #2& 3:
Standing Army
• Secure Border
states: MD, DE, KY,
MO
– including
Washington, D.C.
Lincoln’s Initial Moves
• A train of Massachusetts volunteers heading for
Washington, D.C. was attacked by a mob in
Baltimore
• Lincoln sent
troops to
Maryland and
suspended
habeas
corpus.
• MD and DE
rejected
secession.
Advantage 3
•
Trained Officer
Corps
– 2,000 vs 1,000
•
Included both
– Robert E Lee
– Ulysses S Grant
•
Generally accepted
that the South had
the better officers
– Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson
Compare
information
from
Graphs
Draw
Conclusions
Drafts North and South
Advantage #4
• CSA April 1862, first
“conscription” in US
history.
• Exemptions:
– CSA: Owners of 20 or more
slaves
– Union: Pay another man to
serve in your place or $300
to be exempted.
– What complaints might be
raised against these loopholes?
• Total draftees:
– Union: 46,000 of 2,100,000
– CSA: 120,000 of 800,000
• North experienced Draft Riots
What do the number of
volunteers, draftees,
desertions, and riots
say about #11
Morale?
First Battles, 1861
• First Battle of Bull Run
July 21, 1861
– Watched on hillsides by
Washington dignitaries
– Smaller CSA army routed
Union army
• War settled into
winter encampment
and training
• March 9, 1862, CSS
Virginia vs USS
Monitor
1862 Begins
• Spring 1862 Peninsula
Campaign by McClellan
failed, CSA victory
• Second Battle of Bull Run
Aug 28-30, CSA victory
• Battle of Antietam, Sept 17,
Lee had invaded MD
– Technically a draw but Lee
withdrew
– Strategically a Union victory
CIVIL WAR MILITARY
•Wild Card!
– Defense of Slavery vs
Emancipation of Slaves
Emancipation Proclamation
“That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all
persons held as slaves within any State or
designated part of a State the people whereof shall
then be in rebellion against the United States shall
be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the
executive government of the United States,
including the military and naval authority thereof,
will recognize and maintain the freedom of such
persons and will do not act or acts to repress such
persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may
make for their actual freedom.”
Emancipation Proclamation
• This document
announces the freedom
of slaves where?
• Would a slave in South
Carolina be free?
• Would a slave in
Pennsylvania be free?
• What might some of the
immediate effects be of
this Proclamation?
Emancipation Proclamation
• Immediate Effects
• African-Americans served in the Union armed forces to
the extent of approximately 200,000 volunteers by the
war's end. These soldiers were segregated into AfricanAmerican units and largely led by white officers,
nonetheless their contributions were significant.
• By reframing the conflict as a war against slavery Lincoln
also neutralized the participation of England and France
as potential allies of the South. Most French and English
people were philosophically opposed to slavery, making
support of the South politically unfeasible.
Previous Response to Editor of the
NY Tribune, August 1862
"Dear Sir . . . I have not meant to leave any one in
doubt. . . . My paramount objective in this struggle
is to save the Union, and is not either to save or
destroy Slavery. If I could save the Union without
freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save
it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I
could do it by freeing some and leaving others
alone, I would also do that. What I do about
Slavery and the colored race, I do because it helps
to save this Union; and what I forbear, I forbear
because I do not believe it would help save the
Union. . . . I have here stated my purpose
Did the Emancipation
according to my view of official duty, and I intend
keepwish
to
no modification of Proclamation
my oft-expressed personal
that all men, everywhere,
could be free.”
this statement?
1862, Battles in the West
• Grant
– Control of MO and KY
– Captured forts in TN
– Close call but a victory at
Shiloh
• The CSA attack at Shiloh
stripped the defenses of
New Orleans allowing
Admiral Farragut to
capture it and
surrounding areas.
1862 ends a bad year for the Union
• The Western battles were going well but the
Eastern battles were what counted toward
popular perception
• Peace Democrats (called “Copperheads” by the
Republicans) demanded a truce and a peace
conference. They were not in favor of
Emancipation.
• There was very strong opposition to Lincoln,
especially after he dismissed McClellan (who
later ran against Lincoln in 1864 as a Democrat
who promised to make peace with the CSA)
Advantage 5
•
Politics:
– Two Party vs No Party
•
•
Discuss.
Conclusion?
Advantage 6
•
•
Developed Banking System
The North and South issued
Bonds to raise money, and
printed Paper Money for cash
–
–
•
N trusted, 80% inflation
S distrusted, 9,000% inflation
1863 the Union passed the
National Bank Act,
revolutionizing public finance
Advantages, Technological
• #7 Railroads
– 2/3 vs 1/3
• #8 Telegraph lines
– Some vs None
• #9 Established Industry
– 90% vs 10%
• North has all advantages
however, CSA never suffered
for lack of war materiel (food
and clothing yes, bullets and
gunpowder, NO)
1863 The Turning Point Year
• Gettysburg, Union victory July 3.
– View Video, discuss Gettysburg Address
– http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=764
• Vicksburg, Union victory July 4, finalizing
the capture of the Mississippi, surrounding
and blockading the South (effective, but
not 100%)
• Coincidentally, in July, the NY draft riots
occurred.
Grant’s Strategy to Win
• Early in 1864, Lincoln made
Grant commander of US
Army
• Grant won battles by taking
advantage of the North’s
larger population and
superior ability to supply its
army.
• Grant was willing to lose
more soldiers and expend
more supplies because he
could replace his losses
while the CSA could not.
• Some called him a “butcher”
• Lincoln said, “He wins.”
1864, Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Total War: Sherman burned Atlanta then moved south
to Savannah taking what was needed for supplies and
burning anything that could aid the CSA army.
• What effect did this have on civilian morale?
War is a cruelty and
you cannot refine
it. Those who
brought war into
our country
deserve all the
curses and
maledictions a
people can pour
out.
Advantage 9 & 10
• #9 Victory Conditions
– Enemy Surrenders vs
Enemy Quits
• Or
– Complete and Total
Victory vs “A tie is as
good as a win”
• #10 Morale/Cause
– States Rights vs
Permanence of Union
The Beginning of the End
• Sherman took Savannah Dec 1864
wheeled north.
• He took Columbia, SC’s capital, without a
fight and gutted much of the city.
• By Spring 1865 he was in NC.
• Other Union armies were moving through
GA and AL, capturing thousands of CSA
soldiers and freeing thousands of Union
prisoners.
Grant
• Assaulted the Army of
Northern Virginia at
Petersburg, a railroad
hub of Richmond.
• Captured Petersburg
on April 2, 1865.
• Union troops went
into Richmond April 3,
1865, as CSA troops
retreated.
Appomattox Court House
• After Petersburg, Grant prevented Lee from
escaping Virginia.
• On April 9, 1865, Lee asked for Terms of
Surrender.
• Final surrender occurred on April 13, 1865.
Impact of the American Civil War
• Settled the issue of state secession.
• Ended slavery.
• Put America more firmly on a path toward
industrialization.
• Promoted large scale organizations such as
Railroads and other businesses.
• Federal Government became more “central” and
powerful.
• Changed the name “The United States” from a
plural to a singular.
To Study
• Lincoln’s view on slavery
(Inaugural speech,
Emancipation Proclamation,
response to editor)
• When/where CW started?
• Considering various
advantages, who would you
have bet on to win the CW?
Why?
• Lincoln’s first moves
• Outline 1862
–
–
–
–
Spring
Summer/Fall
East/West
Political situation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Significance of 1863
Grant’s Strategy
Sherman’s actions and affect
Surrender date and place
Overall # dead
Lasting impact of CW
Questions from presentations.