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A Promise of
Freedom
“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it;
and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I
could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also
do that.“
- ABRAHAM LINCOLN
The War So Far
The Confederacy was hoping
that Great Britain and
France might help them in
the war, giving the
Confederacy an advantage.
The War So Far
What is the war about?
Preserving the Union
or Freeing the Slaves?
The War So Far
Reasons a Victory was Needed:
– Lincoln wanted to
show that his
government was
strong and could
support or “back up”
the proclamation.
– Lincoln didn’t want it
to appear that his
government was weak,
and that he was asking
the slaves to rebel
against their masters.
By mid-1862 President Lincoln felt he
must also address the issue of
slavery. He felt he could save the
Union if he broadened the goals of
the war. So Lincoln decided to issue
the Emancipation Proclamation to
free enslaved African Americans
living in the Confederacy. The word,
emancipate means, to set free.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued
the formal Emancipation
Proclamation that stated that
declared:
“On the 1st day of January, in the
year of the Lord 1863, all persons
held as slaves within any state
or...part of a state whose
people...shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free.”
6
Since the rebelling
states were not
under Union
Control, no slaves
actually gained
freedom on January
1st, 1863. Still the
Emancipation
Proclamation
changed the
character of the war.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
would not free slaves in the four loyal
slave states. Nor would slaves be
freed in Confederate lands that had
already been captured by the Union,
such as the city of New Orleans.
What does this mean to all African American people?
In the South, Lincoln's proclamation was seen as a
“fiend's act” that destroyed expensive property. The
proclamation won the sympathy of Europeans,
especially workers. As a result, it became less likely that
Britain or any other European country would come to the
aid of the South.
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Emancipation
Emancipation
•Lincoln’s first challenge was that
the U.S. Constitution did not
prohibit slavery.
•Individual states could outlaw
slavery, but not the U.S.
Government.
Emancipation
Lincoln justified the emancipation thus:
-slaves were property
- in war time, enemy property was confiscated.
-he stated that the property would be liberated.
Emancipation
Now the war was no longer
just about preserving the
union.
It was also about freeing the
slaves.
Despite the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans
still worked in the South as slaves on plantations. However,
many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at
all. In this way, they hoped to weaken the South's war effort.
African Americans in the War
At the start of the war African
Americans were forbid to fight in
the war as soldiers. In 1862
Congress repealed this law and
allowed free and escaped Africans
to fight in the war. Thousands of
African Americans fought for the
Union Army.
Nearly 40,000 African Americans lost
their lives in the war.
United States Colored Troops
United States
Colored Troops
•The War Department decided that
A-A soldiers would be placed in all
A-A units commanded by white
officers.
•A-As joined the U.S. military in
large numbers, increasing the Army
size,
•Size of force became one of the
deciding factors in the Union
defeating the Confederacy.
Many black regiments were commanded by white
officers. Massachusetts was one of the first states to
issue an all black regiment. They were called the 54th
Massachusetts Regiment.
In 1863, near Charleston, the 54th Regiment forced
their way into combat with the South. The commander
of the 54th and most of the soldiers were killed. The
courage of the 54th Regiment won the respect of
other African American Soldiers.
The 54th Regiment was
known as “the bravest of
the brave.”
Summary
• The Union “victory” at Antietam allowed President
Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
• Great Britain and France remained neutral and did
not enter the war on the side of the Confederacy.
• The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in the
Confederate States
(Eventually all states would free their slaves)
• With African Americans joining the armed forces,
the United States had a greater advantage over the
Confederate States because of its number of
soldiers and sailors.
Hardships of War
The Hard Life of Soldiers
• Most soldiers < 21yrs.
• As death toll rose, the
South drafted males as
young as 17 and as old
as 50.
• Camps were dirty and a
source of disease
• Irregular pay
• Badly equipped –
especially Rebel forces
The Hard Life of Soldiers
• New technology added to the
horror of war. Minié ball from
rifle made terrible wounds.
• Medical care on the battlefield
was crude.
• Diseases like dysentery,
typhus, pneumonia and malaria
killed more men than guns or
cannons.
Deadly Weapons
Problems at Home in the North
• Some people opposed the
use of force to keep the South
in the Union. Supporters of
the war called these people
Copperheads.
• There was a shortage of
volunteers for the army.
• Money offered to enlist in the
army
• 1/3 of career officers resigned
to fight for the Confederacy
Problems at Home in the North
• In 1863, Congress passed a draft law – which
required all able-bodied males 20 and 45yrs to
serve in the military if they were called.
• $300 to get around draft – “rich man’s war & a
poor man’s fight”
• Opposition to the draft law led to riots.
President Lincoln moved to
stop the riots and other
"disloyal practices." Several
times, he suspended habeas
corpus, the right to be charged
or have a hearing before being
jailed. Lincoln argued that the
Constitution allowed him to
deny people their rights "when
in the cases of rebellion or
invasion, the public safety may
require it."
The War and the Northern
Economy
• Increased farm production greater use of farm
machines, as farmers went
off to fight.
• Increased industrial profits –
wartime demand for
clothing, shoes, guns, etc.
helped northern industries.
• Some manufacturers made
fortunes by profiteering.
The War and the Northern Economy
• To pay for the war, Congress established the
nation’s first income tax in 1861.
• During the Civil War, a person earning from
$600 to $10,000 per year paid tax at the rate of
3%. Incomes of more than $10,000 paid taxes at
a higher rate.
The War and the Northern Economy
• The Union issued millions of dollars worth of
bonds.
• When taxes and bonds did not raise enough
money, the North printed more than $400
million in paper money.
• This led to inflation – during the war, the price
for goods doubled
Problems at Home in the South
• Confederate government had difficulty
collecting taxes. (strong belief in states’
rights)
• The South too, was forced to pass a draft
law to fill its army.
• Resentment that rich landowners could
avoid serving
Problems at Home in the South
• Near the end of the war, the South no
longer had enough white men to fill the
ranks.
• The Confederate congress reluctantly
agrees to let enslaved African Americans
serve. The war ends before this actually
happens.
The War and the Southern Economy
• The Confederacy imposed
an income tax and a tax-inkind.
• For tax-in-kind farmers had
to give 10% of their crops to
the government.
• The South also printed so
much paper money that wild
inflation set in.
How the War Affected the
Southern Economy
• Loss of the cotton trade - President Davis stopped the
South’s cotton trade with Britain, hoping to force Britain
to side with the South.
• Severe shortages – caused by the Union blockade.
• The South began to build and run its own factories.
• The blockade also brought food shortages. Plantations
switched from growing cotton to raising grain and
livestock.
Many women took an interest in the war effort. Women
on both sides worked as nurses. Dorothea Dix helped
reform prisons and mental hospitals.
Clara Barton earned fame as a Civil War nurse and
founder of the American Red Cross.
Dorothea Dix
Clara Barton
Women in the War
• With many men gone to
war, women took jobs in
industry and on farms.
• Women’s aid societies
helped supply the troops
with food, bedding,
clothing, and medicine.
• Women held fundraisers to
pay for war supplies.
Women in the War
• Sojourner Truth worked in
Union hospitals.
• Sally Tompkins set up a
Confederate hospital.