Download Johnson`s Plan

How did the Radical
Republicans’ plans for
Reconstruction differ
from Lincoln’s and
Johnson’s?
Reconstruction – Program put in
place by the federal government
to repair damage to the South
and restore the southern states to
the Union.
Simply speaking,
it’s putting the
pieces of the
puzzle back
together.
How will southern states rejoin the Union?
How will the southern economy be rebuilt?
What rights will African Americans have?
As soon as ten percent of a state’s voters
took a loyalty oath to the Union, the state
could set up a new government.
Lincoln’s Plan
“Ten Percent Plan”
I am even willing to
consider the following:
1.
2.
3.
Grant pardons for former Confederates
Compensate them for lost property
Not requiring a guarantee of social or political
equality for African Americans
If the state’s constitution abolished
slavery and provided education for
African Americans, the state would
regain representation in Congress.
Lincoln’s plan angered members of his own
party who wanted to punish the South as well
as having full rights for African Americans.
Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner,
these “Radical Republicans” in Congress insisted
that the Confederates had committed high crimes.
The Radical Republicans passed the
Wade-Davis Bill that required:
1. A majority of a state’s prewar
voters swear loyalty to the Union
2. Guarantees of African American
equality
Lincoln’s Plan
“Ten Percent Plan”
I don’t think so
Thad!
The Freedmen’s Bureau’s goal was to provide food, clothing,
healthcare, and education for both black and white refugees in
the South.
The Bureau also helped to:
1. Reunite families that
had been separated
by slavery and war.
2. Negotiate fair labor
contracts between
former slaves and
white landowners.
3. Helped represent
African Americans in
Historical Significance: Established the
courts.
precedent that black citizens had legal
rights.
V.P. Andrew Johnson became President after
Lincoln’s death. He intended to follow the broad
outline of Lincoln’s Plan.
“White men alone
Johnson’s Plan included:
must manage the
1. States were to
withdraw secession.
South.”
2. Swear allegiance to
You decide!
the Union.
What does
th
3. Ratify the 13
Johnson mean
Amendment & draft a
by this quote?
constitution that
abolished slavery.
Johnson’s
Plan
Historical Significance: He did not want A.A. to have the right to
vote. He supported states’ rights over federal regulations, therefore,
allowing states to be able to limit the freedoms of former slaves.
As southern states were restored
to the Union under President
Johnson’s plan, they began to
enact black codes.
The Black Codes established virtual
slavery with provisions such as:
Curfews: Generally, black people could not
gather after sunset.
Vagrancy Laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy
– that is, not working – could be fined, whipped, or
sold for a year’s labor.
Labor Contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements
in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a
contract often lost all the wages they had earned.
Land Restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only
in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.
Black Codes – Similar to
Slave Codes, which restricted
the freedom of movement and
limited African American rights
as free people.
•
•
•
•
The Radical Republicans that controlled Congress
did not approve of Johnson’s lack of support for
African Americans’ rights.
Congress responds by:
Johnson’s
Plan
•
Expansion of Freedmen’s Bureau to
include punishing state officials who
fail to extend civil rights to African
Americans.
• Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Ending of
Black Codes by creating a federal
guarantee of civil rights to African
Americans.
Andrew Johnson would use his veto
power to block these laws. Johnson
was now openly defying Congress.
Congress believed Johnson was
working against Reconstruction and
overrode his veto.
Congress did something
unprecedented. With the required
2/3rds majority, it passed major
legislation over a President’s veto.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 became
law.
Congress begins its Reconstruction
Plan, but first they need to take care
of something…
President Johnson is impeached &
14th Amendment passed. (Citizenship)
An inflexible President, 1866: Republican
cartoon shows Johnson knocking Blacks of the
Freedmen’s Bureau by his veto.
Impeachment – Accusation against a public official of
wrongdoing in office. Bringing charges against the President.
Involves two steps…
•
1st Step:
•
2nd Step:
U.S. House of Representatives hold hearings to
decide if there are crimes committed. They then vote on the
charges and if there is a majority, then, charges are brought
against the President.
U.S. Senate becomes a courtroom.
The President is tried for the charges brought
against him. The Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court is the judge. Once trial is completed,
Senators must vote to remove President with a
2/3rds vote.
•
•
•
•
Brought up on 11
charges of high crimes
and misdemeanors.
Tenure in Office Act:
Law Congress passed.
President can’t fire any
of his cabinet members
without consulting
Congress.
Fired Edwin Stanton
Missed being removed •
from office by 1 vote.
•
•
The Presidency would suffer as a
result of this failed impeachment.
President would be more a figurehead.
Saved the separation of powers of
3 branches of government.
Congressional Congress overturned Johnson’s vetoes and
Reconstruction enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the
Freedmen’s Bureau.
Congress passed the 14th Amendment, which guaranteed equality
under the law for all citizens.
Congress passed the
We will FORCE the
Reconstruction Act of 1867, South to make all the
which divided the 10
necessary changes!!
southern states into 5
military districts governed
by former Union generals.
The South would be
reconstructed under the
Radical Republicans plan.
African Americans help republican candidate and
former Union general, Ulysses S. Grant elected
President.
Republican leaders now had another reason for
securing a constitutional amendment that would
guarantee black suffrage throughout the nation.
In 1869, Congress
passed the 15th
Amendment forbidding
any state from denying
suffrage on the grounds
of race.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
(1865)
14th Amendment
Provided citizenship &
equal protection under
the law. (1868)
15th Amendment
Provided the right to vote
for all men which
included white and black
men. (1870)
Giving the Black man the
right to vote was truly
revolutionary……..
A victory for democracy!
How did the Radical
Republicans’ plans for
Reconstruction differ
from Lincoln’s and
Johnson’s?
• Freedmen’s Bureau
• 13th Amendment
• 14th Amendment
• 15th Amendment
• Appomattox Court House
What were the
immediate effects of
Reconstruction?
Republicans dominated their
newly established state
governments.
90% of all African Americans
voted when they had the
opportunity.
Carpetbaggers –
Northerners who came
South after Civil War. Voted
Republican; viewed
negatively by southerners;
held high offices.
Scalawags – White
southerners who joined
blacks and carpetbaggers in
the Republican Party.
Viewed as traitors by most
southerners.
Republicans dominated their
newly established state
governments.
90% of all African Americans
voted when they had the
opportunity.
Carpetbaggers –
Northerners who came
South after Civil War. Voted
Republican; viewed
negatively by southerners;
held high offices.
Scalawags – White
southerners who joined
blacks and carpetbaggers in
Republican Party. Viewed
as traitors by most
southerners.
Who was
Hiram Revels?
In 1870 he replaced
the seat vacated by
Jefferson Davis.
Hiram Revels was the first African American
elected to the Senate.
40 Acres &
a Mule
A term of compensation that was
awarded to freed slaves after the
Civil War by Gen. Sherman.
President Johnson ordered that the
original landowners be allowed to
reclaim their land and evict the
former slaves.
Congress passed the 1866 Southern
Homestead Act. This set aside 44 million
acres in the South for freed blacks, but the
land was swampy and unsuitable for farming.
Historical Significance: The phrase has come to
represent the failure of Reconstruction to assist
African Americans.
Farming in the South created a Sharecropping – A system in which
cycle of debt, which began
landowners give farm workers land,
with sharecropping.
seed, and tools in return for a part
At harvest time, each worker
of the crops they raise.
gave a share, usually half, to
the landowner.
In theory, “croppers” who saved
a little and bought their own
tools could drive a better
bargain with landowners.
They might even be able to
become a tenant farmer.
Tenant Farming – A system in
which farm workers supply
their own tools and rent
farmland for cash.
During the war, the demand for Southern cotton had begun to drop
as other countries increased their production.
As a result, prices plummeted after the war.
1869
1879
17 cents per pound
8 cents per pound
You decide! What would you do as a
southern farmer?
Southern planters tried to make up
for the lower prices by growing more
cotton – an oversupply that only
drove down prices even further.
What should’ve the farmers
tried instead of growing more
cotton?
Some bitter Southern whites relied on
violence to keep African Americans from
participating in politics.
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded as a
social club for Confederate veterans.
Soon the Klan turned into a violent
organization.
The KKK practiced domestic
terrorism. Its major goal was to
restore white supremacy and
prevent African Americans from
exercising their political rights.
NC Senator
John Stephens
Stephens, a white
republican, stated that
3,000 A.A. voters had
supported him and he
would not abandon
them.
Stephens
was
assassinated
by the KKK
in 1870.
KKK mask from the
Reconstruction Era –
N.C. Museum of
History
Grant’s strength, however, were those
of a military leader, not those of a
politician or government leader.
Scandals and corruption
damaged Grant’s
administration, which
diverted attention away from
the conditions in the south.
Among the most notorious scandals were:
i. Credit Mobilier Scandal: Railroad officials impoverished the
railroad, then bribed members of Congress to block any
investigation.
ii. “Whiskey Ring”: Internal Revenue collectors accepted bribes
from whiskey distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on
their product.
As the evidence
See you all later. I need to
mounted, there was go back in time and fight in
increasing disgust
the Civil War. I’m not too
with the blatant
good at this new job.
corruption in Grant’s
administration.
Grant did not seek
reelection in 1876.
Election of 1876
Tilden (D) v. Hayes (R)
Tilden won the popular vote, but
needed one more electoral vote
to win the presidency.
A deal was made called the
Compromise of 1877.
Republicans Get
Democrats Get
1.
2.
3.
Withdraw remaining federal
troops from the South, thus
ending Reconstruction.
Name a southerner to his cabinet.
Support federal spending on
internal improvements in the
South.
1.
Hayes becomes President.
Historical Significance:
Democrats now had Home Rule –
the ability to run state governments
without federal intervention.
These so called redeemers set out to rescue the South
from what they viewed as a decade of mismanagement
by northerners, republicans, and African Americans.
The withdrawal of federal troops enabled white
southerners to eliminate
any political advances
A.A. had made during
Reconstruction.
Various methods
were used to curb the
rights of African
Americans, and by
1900, their civil rights
had been sharply
limited.
1. Union is restored.
2. A.A. gain citizenship & voting rights.
3. South’s economy and infrastructure
are improved.
4. Southern states est. public
school system.
5. K.K.K. & other
groups terrorize A.A.
6. Sharecropping system takes
hold in the South.
How and why did
Reconstruction end?