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Goal 3
The Civil War
1861-1865
The Union vs. The Confederate
States of America
The Union (USA)
• The North
• Blue
• President: Abraham
Lincoln
• Capital:
Washington, DC
• Commander(s):
George McClellan;
Ulysses S. Grant
* GOAL: preserve the
Union
The Confederate States
of America
(The Confederacy)
• The South
• Grey
• President:
Jefferson Davis
•Capital:
Richmond, Va.
•Commander:
Robert E. Lee
•GOAL: preserve states’
rights
Advantages
Southern Advantages
• Profits from “King
Cotton” provided
money for the war
effort.
• Great military leaders &
a strong military
tradition
• Soldiers fighting for a
“cause” who were
highly motivated
•
•
•
•
•
Northern Advantages
Larger population so
more fighting power
More factories to
produce war goods
More food production
Extensive railroad
system to transport
goods and troops
Lincoln was a skilled
leader.
Anaconda Plan
The Union (General Winfield Scott) devised a
three part plan to conquer the South:
1. Blockade Southern ports so the South could
not export or import;
2. Control the Mississippi River to cut the
Confederacy in half;
3. Capture the Confederate capital at
Richmond, Va.
Major Battles
• Ft. Sumter – considered the spark of the Civil
War
• First Bull Run – considered the first “official”
battle of the Civil War
• Shiloh- proved the war would be a long one
• Antietam – bloodiest single-day battle of the war
• Gettysburg – considered the turning point of the
war
• Vicksburg- effectively cut the Confederacy in two
• Appomattox – site of the surrender of Lee to
Grant
Fort Sumter
• The Confederacy fired on Fort Sumter, in the
harbor of Charleston, SC on April 12-13, 1861
• These were the first shots fired of the Civil
• War
It was
considered a
Southern
victory
• Lincoln called
for volunteers
to fight in the
war
Battle of Bull Run
• The Battle of Bull Run
was fought on July 21,
1861 in Virginia
• Confederacy led by
Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson (he stood firm
against the Union like
a “stone wall”)
• The South won!
• This was a major
morale boost
Shiloh
• The Battle of Shiloh was fought on April 7, 1862
in Tennessee (considered a “western” battle)
• It is significant because it showed the
importance of sending out scouts, digging
trenches, and building forts
• The battle was a
draw, but is considered
a Confederate loss.
Antietam
• The Battle of Antietam was fought on
September 17, 1862 in Antietam,
Maryland.
• It was the bloodiest single-day battle in
U.S. History. (more than 23,000 men)
• Northern victory
• Lincoln fired General George McClellan
because he was too cautious.
Gettysburg
• The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July
1-3, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• This is considered the turning point of the
war. After this defeat, the South never
attempted a northern invasion again.
• The Gettysburg Address was delivered by
President Lincoln to honor all those who
fought and died on this battlefield.
Text of the Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth
on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and
dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation, or any nation so conceived and so
dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great
battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who
here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—
we cannot consecrate—we cannot
hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power
to add or detract. The world will little note,
nor long remember what we say here, but
it can never forget what they did here. It is
for us the living, rather, to be dedicated
here to the unfinished work which they
who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great
task remaining before us—that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to
that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly
resolve that these dead shall not have died in
vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a
new birth of freedom— and that government of
the people, by the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth.
Vicksburg
• The Battle of Vicksburg was fought on July
4, 1863. It was actually a siege of
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
• Union victory
• The Union successfully carved the
Confederacy in two as a result of this
victory. (Anaconda Plan)
Map of Siege of Vicksburg
Appomattox Courthouse
• On April 9, 1865, Southern General Robert
E. Lee surrendered to Union General
Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
Courthouse, Virginia.
Slavery as a War Aim
• Slavery did not become a war aim until 1863.
• The Union feared that Britain would join on the
side of the South if they did not include abolition
as a war aim.
• The Emancipation Proclamation was issued as a
military decree freeing all slaves in rebelling
territories. No slave was emancipated, however,
until the end of the war with the passage of the
13th Amendment.
54th Massachusetts Regiment
• An all-African American regiment that was
formed in Massachusetts
• This regiment is famous for its attack on Fort
Wagner during the war. The commander Robert
Gould Shaw led his men into battle in Charleston
harbor.
• Many were killed, however, the 54th earned
respect for its discipline and courage in battle.
• This battle was the subject of the movie Glory.
William T. Sherman
• March to the Sea
• Union commander that believed in total
war
• Marched through the South burning
everything in his path in an effort to break
the will of the South
Map of Sherman’s March to the
Sea
Effects of the Civil War
• Established the supremacy of
federal authority over the states.
• Eventually, slavery was abolished,
through legislation (13th
Amendment).
• No state would ever try to secede
from the Union again.
Civil War: Important Points
• Causes of the Civil War (the
expansion of slavery was a
KEY issue)
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
significance
• Underground RR & Harriet
Tubman
• Dred Scott case significance
• Significance of KansasNebraska Act
• Southern reaction to
Lincoln’s election
• Southern
advantages/Northern
advantages
• Robert’s E. Lee’s choice to
lead the South
• Anaconda Plan
• Why McClellan was fired
• Significance of ALL the
battles
• Goal of Lincoln in the Civil
War
• Purpose of the Gettysburg
Address
• Purpose of the Emancipation
Proclamation
• General William T. Sherman
• Effects of the Civil War
Life During the Civil War: North
• To help meet the costs of war, the Union government
added an income tax of 3% on all income per $800 per
year.
• The tax was increased over time.
• The Union also raised tariffs.
• The largest source of funds for the war came from
government bonds.
• Legal Tender Act of 1862 (government could print
greenbacks-paper money)’
• Homestead Act, 1862- encouraged settlement of western
lands by granting land at a very low cost to those who
would farm it.
Life During the Civil War: North
• To raise an army, the North passed a
conscription law (draft).
• Rioting broke out in protest. The New
York Draft Riot of 1863 lasted for 4 days.
• To avoid the draft, a man could pay $300
and hire a replacement. This led to the
phrase, “a rich man’s war, but a poor
man’s fight”.
Life During the Civil War: North
• Copperheads, or Peace Democrats,
formed opposing Lincoln’s handling of the
war and demanding an end to fighting.
• President Lincoln suspended the
constitutional right of habeas corpus (can’t
be held in jail without a formal charge).
Lincoln gave the military the right to arrest
people suspected of disloyalty to the
Union.
Lincoln and the Copperheads
Life During the Civil War: South
• South lacked the resources to meet the
demands of war
• Blockade Runners tried to break the blockade of
the southern coast in an effort to survive.
• President Jefferson Davis authorized the printing
of paper money with nothing backing it except
the government’s promise to pay.
• Inflation and a shortage of food led to rioting in
the South.
Life During the Civil War: South
• Mary Boykin Chestnut of South Carolina
kept a diary that has become a famous
record of one experience of the war in the
South.
• The Confederate government enacted
conscription laws to help raise troops.
Women in the War
• Many took over family businesses, farms,
or plantations.
• Clara Barton worked as a nurse in the war.
This led to the formation of the Red Cross.
Clara Barton
Election of 1864
Impact of the War
• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
• The assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes
Booth
• Mathew Brady- war photographer
• Land Grant College Act- gave money from the sale of
public lands to states for the establishment of
universities that taught agriculture
• Tariff passed to protect industrialization
• Southern landscape was shattered.
• Migration west
• Freedmen’s Bureau
Mathew Brady’s Photographs