Download Causes of the American Civil War!

Causes of the
American Civil War
1.Economies
2.Tariffs
3.States’ Rights
4.Slavery
5.Cultural Differences
Economies
• The South
had an
economy
based on
agriculture
•The North
had an
economy
based on
commerce
and
industry.
Tariffs
• The North
• The South
wanted to
needed to
protect its
import many
finished goods manufactured
goods against
from other
foreign goods.
countries.
So…
•The South was opposed to
tariffs.
•The North favored
tariffs.
States’ Rights
• The South
wanted state
sovereignty
•The North
wanted
national
sovereignty
States’ Rights
What is sovereignty?
Power
Cultural Differences
• The Southern
culture was
based on a
planters
life.
•The Northern
culture was
based on an
industrialist’s
life.
Slavery
• In 1860 only
about 25% of
southerners
owned slaves
but most
southerners
felt slave
labor was
essential for
their economy.
• Northerners
opposed
slavery mainly
because of job
competition.
1-5 Slaves
6-19 Slaves
20-99 Slaves
100+ Slaves
Example:
The Missouri
Compromise
1820
The Missouri Compromise
As America grew the goal was to
keep the number of free states
and slave states equal.
In 1818: 11 free states and 11
slave states.
The Missouri Compromise
Missouri was north of Ohio
River, and wanted to be a slave
state.
Making it free or slave would
tip the balance in Congress.
So what
happened?
Senator Henry Clay’s solution:
-Admitted Missouri as a
slave state
-Maine as a free state
AND…
Outlawed slavery above the 36º
30´ latitude line in the rest
of the Louisiana Territory.
The problem of seeking a
balance of slave v. free states
continued.
Example:
The Compromise
of 1850
• By 1850 6 new states were added
to the USA
–Free: Michigan, Iowa,
Wisconsin
–Slave: Arkansas, Florida,
Texas
–The balance of Free v. Slave
was kept.
.
Questions that needed to be
addressed through the
Compromise of 1850…
• California wanted to be admitted as
a free state…this will create an
uneven balance.
• Texas claimed that its territory
extended all the way to Santa Fe.
• Washington, D.C.: Not only did the
nation's capital allow slavery, it
was home to the largest slave
market in North America.
.
So What Happened?
• Texas would relinquish the land in
dispute; in return, the US would pay
off her $10 million debt from the
days of being a Republic.
• New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and
Utah would be organized so the
territories could vote on whether to
permit (allow) slavery.
• The slave trade would be abolished
in Washington D.C. although slavery
would still be permitted.
AND…
So What Happened?
• Finally,
California would
be admitted as a
free state.
• Fugitive Slave
Act was passed.
Example: Fugitive Slave Act
• The Fugitive Slave Act was very
controversial.
• All citizens must help recover
runaway slaves, even in the North.
• $1000 fine/6 months in jail for
letting a runaway slave escape.
• Freed slaves were always in danger
because of this law.
• Southerners support Fugitive Slave
Law, Northerners hated it.
Example: Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The Nebraska Territory was a very
large section of central USA.
• People wanted this land organized
and governed to expand business
and railways.
• Nebraska wanted to be a free
state, but this would make two
more free states than slaves
states…no deal for the South.
• Illinois Senator Stephen A.
Douglas drafted a bill to
organize Nebraska Territory.
• Douglas wrote the KansasNebraska Act using the
constitutional principle of
popular sovereignty - giving
the people the ability to
decide between slave and free
state.
• The law was passed in 1854,
which got rid of the Missouri
Compromise of 1820.
Example: Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Decided to divide
Nebraska into two
– Kansas
– Nebraska
• People in those
territories would vote
and decide on slavery
issue for themselves.
(popular sovereignty)
• Southerners thought
Kansas would vote for
slavery so they agreed.
• Northerners hated it!
Example: “Bleeding Kansas”
To determine if
Kansas would be
a slave or free
state,
Southerners and
Northerners
rushed to
Kansas…
• Pro-slavery and anti-slavery people
rushed into Kansas to impact the
vote illegally
• Political authorities came into
dispute, both sides armed.
• “The Sack of Lawrence” occurred when
proslavery mob attacked Lawrence,
Kansas
• John Brown, abolitionist extremist
with a group of
7 men, murdered 5 proslavery
settlers in revenge. These violent
events are known as “Bleeding
Kansas”
The Dred Scott Case:
(Dred Scott v Sandford)
• Sued for his freedom
after his master took
him to Wisconsin, a free
state.
• Claimed he should be
free after his owner
dies.
• Case went to the Supreme
Court.
What happened?
• African-Americans are
not citizens so had no
right to sue
• Scott remains a slave
under Missouri law
• Congress cannot ban
slavery in any territory
• The Missouri Compromise
is unconstitutional
• Taney, speaking for the
majority, also ruled that since
Scott was considered private
property, he was subject to the
Fifth Amendment to the United
States Constitution, which
prohibits taking property from
its owner "without due
process".
So what??
• This ruling means that slaves are
still property, not citizens.
• Slaves can be taken anywhere! Even
FREE STATES – property cannot be
taken from an owner.
• Free states would not really be free
states! Missouri Compromise
unconstitutional.
Example: Abolitionist
Newspapers
• Illustrations of
slavery published in
the Emancipator.
• William Lloyd
Garrison publishes
the Liberator.
• Newspapers are able
to spread antislavery message.
• Causes pro and anti
slavery unrest.
Example: Nat Turner Rebellion
•Slaves rebelled by quiet
defiance, striking back or
running away
•Nat Turner led a bloody
uprising in VA to kill
every white person they
found.
•Two days later 57 people
had been violently killed.
•Revolts panicked white
Southerners who tightened
slave codes and created
harsher punishments.
Example: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
This book told the
story of slavery
to those who
hadn’t heard it
and angered many.
John Brown’s Raid on
Harpers Ferry
• A fanatical abolitionist John Brown
and his followers seized a federal
arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA. They
hoped to stir a slave revolt in
Virginia and end slavery. He was
captured and executed . Brown became
a hero to many Northerners.
• He thought God single handedly chose
him to end slavery.
http://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/videos#john-brown
Example: Argument in Congress
Preston Brooks beats Charles
Sumner in Congress with a cane!
•Because of the KansasNebraska Acts the Whig party
splits and the Republican
party is formed.
•Republican Party is formed by
Free-Soilers, who are Northern
Whigs and Northern Democrats
who oppose slavery.
Example: Lincoln-Douglass Debates
• Lincoln ran for Senate
for new Republican
party
• Senator Stephen Douglas
ran for Democrats.
• Lincoln: country could
not last ½ slave and ½
free. Douglass
disagreed.
• Douglas won 1858
election, but Lincoln
is now known to the
entire nation as an
upcoming political
leader.
• Northern and Southern Democrats
disagreed about slavery and split
cause party to have two candidates
• North: Stephen A. Douglas South: John
Breckinridge
• Abraham Lincoln was the only
Republican candidate
•
Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge
won the South
• North had more electoral college
votes so Lincoln won the Election of
1860
• The main goal of Lincoln’s presidency
was to “Preserve the Union.”
Example: 1860 Abraham
Lincoln Elected President
• Many southern states
threatened to secede
from the Union if
Lincoln was elected.
• This is the last straw
for many southern
states.
• Dec. 1860-South
Carolina is the first
state to secede.
8-5.2.1Q
• Lincoln promised not to abolish
slavery in the South, but white
Southerners did not trust him.
• Several southern states feared
Republicans would abolish slavery so
they seceded; their argument based
on states’ rights.
• The Confederate States of America
was then formed with Jefferson Davis
as President.
• Lincoln’s Inaugural Address is
mostly directed towards the Southern
states trying to encourage them not
to secede.
http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-ofus/videos#america-divided
…Start of Chapter 16…
The Civil War Begins!!
April 12, 1861-Fort Sumter
• Confederate forces took control over most
of the federal forts within their borders
• U.S. troops, led by Major Robert Anderson,
tried to keep control of Ft. Sumter in the
harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
• The garrison was running low on supplies
• President Lincoln’s Choices  Supply the
troops or surrender fort.
So…
• Confederate troops attacked
Ft. Sumter before supply
ships arrived and the
bombing lasted for 34 hours.
• Anderson was forced to
surrender the fort to the
Confederacy.
• No one was killed but this
was the 1st battle of the
Civil War.
Choosing Sides
• Border States: Delaware,
Maryland, Kentucky, and
Missouri would play a key role
in the war’s outcome because of
their resources and location.
• Keeping Maryland was especially
important for the North because
of Washington D.C.’s location
• All 4 border states stayed in
the Union
Strategies of the War
• Confederate Strategy- defensive
because their purpose was to be
independent; hoped European
countries would side with South for
cotton; later on became offensive
• Union Strategy- offensive to get
Southern states back – Anaconda
Plan
Jefferson Davis
• Was appointed
the president
of the
Confederate
States of
America.
Generals
• Robert E. Lee led
the Confederate
troops to stay
loyal to his
state of Virginia
despite Pres.
Lincoln’s offer
to lead the Union
Army. Good
strategist.
Generals
• Ulysses S. Grant
led the Union
Army.
• Most successful
general
appointed by
Pres. Lincoln.
• Later became US
president.
First Battle of Bull Run
• The Union army wanted to take over
Richmond, the Confederate capital
• To do so, they had to defeat the
Confederate troops stationed at
Manassas, Virginia
• July 21, 1861, Union forces
commanded by General Irvin McDowell
attacked Confederate forces led by
General Pierre Beauregard near a
Creek called Bull Run
• A confederate officer rallied his troops
by declaring, “There is Jackson standing
like a stone wall! Rally behind the
Virginians!”
• Thomas J. Jackson = “Stonewall Jackson”
• Additional Confederate troops arrived
and they launched a countercharge with
the “rebel yell”.
• In a panic, Union troops scattered and
it was a victory for the Confederates
• The South was thrilled with their
victory at Bull Run and thought the
war was won.
• The North was shocked at their loss
and realized it had underestimated
its opponent.
• Lincoln sent the 90-day militias
home and called for a real army of
500,000 volunteers for three years.
Changes in Military Technology
• Improvements in the weaponry had a
major impact on the war
• Battle tactics changed which
increased the number of casualties
• Rifles with minié balls- gun that
causes a bullet to spin in the aircould shoot farther and with better
accuracy
• Ironclad ships- warships covered
with iron-were an improvement over
wooden ships.
http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/videos#civil-war-tech
Monitor vs. Merrimack
• March 9, 1862 Confederate Virginia
(originally the Merrimack) and Union
Monitor battled off the coast of VA.
• 1st ironclad battle
• After 4 hours of fire, the battle
ended in a draw.
Bloody Antietam
Battle of Antietam
• Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee invaded
Maryland; hoped this would show South was
capable of winning.
• Reasons for invading:
– 1. Crucial to attack the North while they are down
– 2. Victory in the North could force Lincoln to talk
peace
– 3. Invasion could give Virginia farmers a rest from
war during harvest season
– 4. Still hoping for European support
• Lee’s plans to continue his campaign in the
North were left discovered by Northern troops.
• The captured plans gave Union General
McClellan the opportunity to go stop
Lee’s troops.
• Clashed at Antietam Creek near
Sharpsburg, Maryland
• Bloodiest day in all of American
history
• After fighting all day, 25,000 were
dead or wounded.
• Lee retreated to Virginia- McCellan
did not follow
• Because Lee was stopped this is
considered a Union victory.
• General McClellan could have crushed the
remaining Confederate Army if he had
followed them but he did not follow.
• Lincoln fired McClellan.
• Europe refused to give support to the
South.
• Lincoln was now prepared for his next
action!
…End of Chapter 16…
(Ch. 17)-
Emancipation Proclamation
• Many abolitionists pressured Lincoln
to emancipate slaves.
• Lincoln hesitated; he did not believe
the Constitution gave gov’t the right
to end slavery where it already
existed.
• Top priority was to keep Union
together.
• After the victory of Antietam, Lincoln
decided that freeing slaves would
weaken Southern strength and morale.
• Jan. 1, 1863 Lincoln
issued Emancipation
Proclamation.
• Freed all slaves in
Confederate territory.
(Very few people were
actually freed because
most slaves were too
far away for Union
troops to enforce the
law)
• Lincoln could not end
slavery in USA because
of Const. but he could
as military action
towards the South.
http://www.history.com/topics/emancipation-proclamation/videos#gilder-lehrman-the-emancipation-proclamation
The 54th Massachusetts Regiment
• 54th Massachusetts was one of the first
African American Regiments of the Civil War.
• Two of Frederick Douglass’ sons belonged to
the regiment.
• The 54th fought for the Union at Fort Wagner,
South Carolina.
• African American soldiers faced execution
instead of becoming a prisoner of war if they
were captured.
• William Carney served with the 54th
Massachusetts and won the Medal of Honor for
his actions at Fort Wagner.
http://www.history.com/topics/the-54th-massachusetts-infantry/videos#gilder-lehrman-massachussetts-54th
Gettysburg
• Confederate and Union troops ran into
each other at Gettysburg, PA in July of
1863.
• Battle lasted for 3 days.
• Union troops were able to weaken
Confederate troops.
•Death toll:
– 23,000 Union men dead
– 28,000 Confederate men dead
• Considered a Union victory and turning
point battle.
• South will never make offensive attack
again and General Lee led his army back
to Virginia.
http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-gettysburg/videos#last-charge-at-gettysburg
Gettysburg Address
• Pres. Lincoln spoke at the cemetery for
soldiers killed in Battle of Gettysburg.
• Gave short speech:
– Declared the nation is founded on “the
proposition that all men are created
equal.”
– The fight for
democracy should
continue so that
“government of the
people, by the
people, for the
people shall not perish from the earth.”
http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-gettysburg/videos#gilder-lehrman-gettysburg-address
The Siege of Vicksburg
• Grant’s Union Army defeats Confederate troops
at the Siege of Vicksburg (Miss.)
• Long battle (siege) lasted from May-July
1863.
• Grant’s troops surrounded the city and
prevented the delivery of food and supplies.
• Confederate soldiers ran out of food and had
to eat mules, dogs, and rats!
• Union’s “Anaconda Plan” was fulfilled.
• After victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg,
the war turns in favor of the North.
• Union General Ulysses S. Grant
defeated Confederate troops at
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
• Vicksburg was the last major
Southern stronghold on the
Mississippi River.
• With the Union control of the
Mississippi River,
the Confederacy
is now split into
two.
http://www.history.com/videos/the-union-siege-of-vicksburg#the-unionsiege-of-vicksburg
Sherman’s
Total War
• Gen. Sherman was ordered by new Gen.
Grant to take control of Atlanta and
rest of Deep South.
• Moved from Tenn. to attack Atlanta.
• Swept through the rest of Georgia
destroying everything along the way to
Savannah.
• Total War: war against troops and
things that support troops – crops,
railroads, burned & looted towns.
• This attack affected troops and
citizens.
• Sherman’s destruction made most
Southerners bitter about rejoining the
Union.
Lincoln’s Re-election
• Northern victory streak
helped Lincoln with reelection campaign.
• Lincoln won 55% of
popular vote and reelection.
• Lincoln wanted a speedy
end to the war: “With
malice toward none;
with charity for
all…cherish a just ,
and a lasting peace.”
Appomattox Courthouse, VA
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
• Lee sent a message to Grant that he
was ready to surrender.
• April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met in
small town of Appomattox Court
House, VA
• Lee was offered generous terms:
after laying down arms,
Confederates could return home,
taking their possessions & horses.
Lincoln’s Assassination
http://www.history.com/videos/the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination#the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination
Lincoln’s Assassination
• 5 days after Lee’s surrender Lincoln
and his wife went to Ford’s Theater in
Washington D.C.
• During the play John Wilkes Booth shot
President Lincoln.
• This was a part of a larger plot to
kill several government officials such
as Vice President Andrew Johnson and
Secretary of State William Seward.
• Lincoln first President to be
assassinated.
Reconstruction Amendments
• Union army, both during & after the
War, notified slaves of their freedom.
• January 1865, 13th (Free) Amendment
passed and slavery became illegal.
• 14th (Citizens) Amendment, Republicans
wanted equality and citizenship for all
people to be protected in the
Constitution.
• Amendment made former slaves citizens
and protected equal rights, but not
suffrage for African Americans.
Reconstruction Amendments
• 15th (Vote) Amendment, Stated
citizens couldn’t be stopped from
voting based on race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.
• Made many educated white women very
angry.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pemkR3k3kyM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCvxKIb7P8A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPzB2cEzuFM