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Chapter 20: Drifting Toward Disunion AP US Unit 6 December 7-8, 2009 Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! The Impending Crisis of the South (1857) • Written by Hinton R. Helper • Republished by the anti-slavery movement in 1859 when it gained a following • Said slavery hurt the economy of the South, especially the poor, non-slaveholding whites Kansas • Both Northern and Southern groups financed the immigration of pro or anti slavery people to Kansas – The South had assumed that Nebraska would be free and Kansas slave and was angry when they found out that anti-slavery voters were moving into Kansas • On election day in 1855, “border ruffians” from Missouri crossed the line to vote in Kansas, swinging the vote pro-slavery • The abolitionists cried fraud and declared their own government…now Kansas had two • Abolitionist and slightly crazy • Had at least 20 kids • Let the attack on Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856 John Brown – In response to the burning of Lawrence by proslavery forces • Became known for his violence against slavery John Brown and Bleeding Kansas The Lecompton Constitution • Pro-slave forces had enough of a majority for a vote on the constitution – Vote for the constitution with or without slavery – Even if voted for without, there was still a provision to protect slavery that was already there • Anti-slave forces boycotted the polls and the constitution passed with slavery • Douglas refused to have this semi-popular sovereignty and championed a resolution to have the ENTIRE constitution put to a vote – It failed and Kansas remained a territory until 1861 “The Crime Against Kansas” In response to attacks against his cousin, Senator Andrew Butler (D-SC) Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congressman Preston Brooks (D-SC) Bleeding Kansas • Death Runs Riot from Ken Burns The West 1856 Presidential Election James Buchanan John C. Frémont Democrat Republican Millard Fillmore Whig / American •Buchanan beat Pierce for the Dem nomination because he was Kansasless •Fremont was a soldier and explorer: Free speech, free press, free soil, free men, Fremont! •Fillmore got the remnants of the Whigs and the anti-immigrant explosion of 18541856 1856 Election Results Birth of the Republican Party Northern Whigs Northern Democrats Free-Soilers Know-Nothings Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 •Dred Scott lived for 5 years with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory – free territory •He sued for his freedom with the backing of abolitionists Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 • Chief Justice Taney (from Maryland) declared – Because a slave was property, they could be taken anywhere in the US and be kept as a slave • 5th Amendment protected property rights – Compromise of 1820 and any bans on slavery had been unconstitutional all along – Slaves were also not citizens and therefore could not sue in court – Republicans and abolitionists felt that this decision was made solely because the majority of the court was from the South • Causes: – Inflation The Panic of 1857 • Gold • Wheat production – Overspeculation in Western Land • Again • Effects: – Panic, closing of businesses, unemployment – North suffered more than the South • South felt that this proved that cotton and the southern economy was king – Pro-homestead feelings in the North • Homestead Act passed in 1860 – but vetoed by Buchanan, passed by Lincoln in 1862 – Tariff of 1857 and its lower rates was attacked by Republicans The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 Illinois Senate Debates A House divided against itself, cannot stand Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty? John Brown and Harper’s Ferry • John Brown, with 20 followers, decided to stage a slave rebellion in Virginia in October, 1859 – Would seize an arsenal to arm the slaves – Didn’t advertise very well • Was trapped inside the arsenal and captured by the US Marines under Lt. Colonel Robert E. Lee • Was tried and convicted of treason John Brown and Harpers Ferry • John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859 • Instead of fading into oblivion: – He became a martyr for abolitionists with violent leanings – He became the stereotype of Northerners that southerners feared • Brown caused the southern militia system to be reinvigorated – further assisting in making the South comfortable for secession Democratic Party in 1860 • Southern democrats broke off and nominated John C. Breckinridge (KY) with a platform of slavery in the territories and the annexation of Cuba • Northern democrats nominated Stephen Douglas (IL) with a platform of popular sovereignty and the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act The Constitutional Union Party in 1860 • The Constitutional Union Party (Do Nothing or Old Gentleman’s Party) nominated John Bell (TN) with a platform of “The Union, The Constitution, and the Enforcement of Laws” The Republican Party in 1860 • The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln (IL). Seward was best known but had made too many inflammatory speeches. Platform appealed to all non-slavery groups: Group Appealing Part of Platform Free Soilers No Slavery in Territories Northern Manufacturers Protective Tariff Immigrants No abridgement of rights Northwest Transcontinental Railroad West Internal improvements from the feds Farmers Free Homesteads 1860 Election Results The Election of 1860 • Lincoln won with a majority of electoral votes but only 40% of the popular votes. • He wasn’t even on the ballot in 10 southern states. • Even though this angered the South they still controlled 4/5 of the Supreme Court and the Republicans did not control Congress. • Also the slave states had the numbers to override any amendment and an amendment was necessary to outlaw slavery Secession • South Carolina, true to its word, seceded within 4 days of Lincoln’s election. • Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined within 6 weeks. • 4 more states would join after Sumter. • The first 7 would meet in Montgomery, Alabama in February 1861 to establish the Confederate States of America – Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederacy Secession!: SC left on Dec. 20,1860 Secessionitis Buchanan’s Plan…or Not • President Buchanan (until March 4, 1861) maintained a “wait and see” policy. • Neither Constitution nor precedent helped him decide what to do and he thought the small army was more needed in the West. • Also, he thought that not going to blows meant the possibility of reconciliation. • It worked out better for the North when the South attacked first, because prior to that many Northerners didn’t want a war The Crittenden Amendments • James Henry Crittenden (KY) came up with a plan: The Crittenden Amendments. – Under these, slavery in the territories would be prohibited north of 36° 30’ and allowed south of it. When they became states they could choose. • Lincoln turned this down since he had been elected to keep slavery out of the territories and he thought it would force America’s expansionism to take over southern regions to make more territories. Southern Reasoning for Secession • Tired of being attacked – Underground Railroad, John Brown – Abolitionists and Free Soilers • Felt unrepresented when Lincoln got elected • Thought North wouldn’t attack – Especially because the South thought that the North was too dependent on cotton to attack • Felt that they were the second American Revolution Historiography • Nationalist School: late 19th C James Rhodes: all about slavery and preserving the union • Progressives: early 20th C Charles and Mary Beard: inherent economic differences – 2nd American Revolution moved power to the businesses and away from planters • Post WWI: James Randall and Avery Craven unnecessary war (like WWI) • Neo-nationalist: Post WWII Allan Nevins and David Potter: irreconcilable differences in morality, politics, culture, social values, and economy eroded the ties between the sections and set them on the path to war • Paranoia: Foner and Genovese: each side saw their way of life being threatened • Party Politics: Destruction of Whigs and breakdown of Jacksonian party system tore apart the last thing that was holding the country together • Ethnocultural School: Michael Holt, Late 20th century: Breakdown of parties because before parties had agreed NOT to talk about slavery and had ended up agreeing on most other things. After that slavery was the only issues left