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U.S. History Overview Bill of Rights The necessary number of states adopted it in 1791. Amendment I: Freedom of religion, speech or press, assembly, and petition. Amendment II: Right to bear arms (for militia). Amendment III: Soldiers can’t be housed in civilian homes during peacetime. Amendment IV: No unreasonable searches; all searches require warrants. Amendment V: Right to refuse to speak during a civil trial; Double Jeopardy. Amendment VI: Right to a speedy and public trial. Amendment VII: Right to trial by jury when the sum exceeds $20. Amendment VIII: No excessive bails and/or fines. Amendment IX: Other rights not enumerated are also in effect. Amendment X: Non-federal powers belong to the state. Federalist Period • Aug. 30 1789, Washington takes office • Creates first Cabinet (council of advisors) Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox Attorney General: Edmund Randolph How to enforce law?? • Judiciary Act of 1789 – Creates 1st federal court system – John Jay – 1st Chief Justice Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Manage National Debt – Pay off the foreign debt – issue new bonds to cover old debts – Federal government assumes debts of states • Gives creditors more incentive to support the new national government • Raise money to pay debt – Pass Tariff of 1789 and new excise tax • Standardized Banking System: Establish a National Bank – Funded by federal government and wealthy private citizen What about a National Bank?? • Elastic/”Necessary and Proper” Clause • Hamilton: What was not forbidden in the Constitution was permitted. “Loose” Interpretation of Constitution – A bank was “necessary and proper” (from Constitution). – He evolved the Elastic Clause. • Jefferson: What was not permitted was forbidden. “Strict” Interpretation of the Constitution – A bank should be a state controlled item (9th Amendment). – The Constitution should be interpreted literally and strictly. Hamilton Wins: Bank of U.S. Created in 1791 Rebellion again • Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Led by Farmers in protest of Hamilton’s new excise tax on Whiskey • Washington sends 13,000 to stop rebellion – What result does this have for Washington?? R–E–S–P–E–C–T War Again????? • Britain vs. France • Washington: Proclamation of Neutrality Isolationism: Americans need to stay out, stay away, and mind our own business!!! Washington says Farewell • Warnings: – 1. Don’t entangle yourself in foreign alliances – 2. Watch out for political parties (they are dangerous) – 3. Do not move away from religion: Religion is important in shaping the ethics and morality of the nation Discuss: Why would Washington warn against these things????? Washington’s Major Diplomatic Events 1. Neutrality Proclamation – Remain neutral in war between Britain and France and keep peace domestically as well 2. Jay’s Treaty (U.S. and Britain) – Stated that Britain had to pay for damages to American merchant ships and Britain agreed to leave its forts giving America control of the Northwest 3. Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain, being worried of alliance between the U.S. and Britain, agrees to give the U.S. the right to use the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans; Spain and U.S. agree on northern boundary of Florida. 4. Treaty of Greenville – Treaty signed by the Americans and Miami Tribe giving the U.S. government territories once held by the Miami tribe (OH, IN, IL, MI), caused Native American leaders including Little Turtle to work on keeping the peace PARTIES DEVELOP -Hamilton and Jefferson had opposing views of government Federalists -____________led by Hamilton supported strong Nat’l Gov’t -____________ Democratic____________Republicans led by Jefferson and Madison supported limited role of Gov’t ADAMS IS ELECTED -1796 election Adams elected_______ Pres. JEFFERSON ________________ elected V.P. -They were from political different___________ parties __________________ -Introduced the concept of sectionalism (loyalty to one’s region) 12th amendment solves the problem XYZ AFFAIR -Neutrality strained relations with France and Britain -U.S sends ambassadors to France to patch relations -Bribes were demanded by the French -US was outraged as story emerged -nearly leads to war - Leads to major criticism of Adams ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS -Federalists passed laws to limit criticism of gov’t by those sensitive to the Dem-Republicans French (_____________) and restrict citizenship rights ALIEN & SEDITION ACT NATURALIZATION ACT RESPONSE TO ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS STATES HAVE THE RIGHT TO IGNORE FED. LAWS -would have limited freedom of speech and allowed deportation of unpopular aliens Kentucky and Virginia -___________________ issued resolutions to declare the laws unconstitutional Jefferson -Written by ____________ -presented idea of nullification, because Jefferson believed in a weak central gov and strict interpretation •“I will never send another minister to France without assurances that he will be received, respected, and honored as the representative of a great, free, powerful, and independent nation.” President John Adams, 1798 •“That if any person shall write, print, utter or publish… any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States…shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years…Sedition Act, 1798 ELECTION OF 1800 -Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie for President -both are DemocraticRepublicans -Tie is eventually broken in Jefferson’s favor by OF REP. the HOUSE ____________ -Future problems avoided with 12th Amendment ELECTION OF 1800 -”Revolution of 1800: 1st peaceable transfer of political power from one party to another in modern government -Federalists to DemocraticRepublicans -Jefferson’s philosophy brought to the White House and Democratic-Republican Congress laissez-faire gov’t JUDICIAL REVIEW J. MARSHALL -_______________ is Chief Justice of Supreme Court -Midnight Judges appointed by _________ J. ADAMS Last minute appointments so FEDERALIST _________ could keep control of one branch MARBURY V. MADISON -case declares part of Judiciary Act UNCONSTITUTIONAL ________________ -Establishes principle Judicial Review of ______________ Court can declare laws unconstitutional to be ___________ WESTERN EXPANSION Louisiana Purchase -_________ (1803) Doubled the US. Purchased from ___ Fr. Between Mississippi River and the Rockies Was unconstitutional but so popular, no one complained WESTERN EXPANSION -Louisiana Purchase (1803) LEWIS & CLARK _____________ EXPEDITION ____________ Gaither scientific info., by exploring the land WESTERN EXPANSION -Louisiana Purchase (1803) SACAJAWEA _________guide for through the Rockies FOREIGN AFFAIRS -US neutrality between Britain and France??? Needed trade with both sides Both Britain And France Blockade US ships from trading FOREIGN AFFAIRS IMPRESSMENT of -British began _____________ sailors- taking US sailors forcing them into British Service. -Jefferson gets ______________ EMBARGO ACT passed to cut off trade with Britain. Hurts U.S. business more than Britain, Act crippled Northern shipping Presidential Election of 1808 James Madison Becomes President Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest Asset Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 Q General William Henry Harrison governor of the Indiana Territory. Q Invited Native Indian chiefs to Ft. Wayne, IN to sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US government. Q Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands. Q Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe. Q This made Harrison a national hero! [1840 election Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!] 1. Impressment 2. Embargo Act of 1807 3. British relations with Indians (Tecumseh) 4. War Hawks demand war with Britain “War Hawks” John C. Calhoun [SC] Henry Clay [KY] Presidential Election of 1812 “Mr. Madison’s War!” American Problems Q The US was unprepared militarily: Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s 800 ships. Americans disliked a draft preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias. Q Financially unprepared: Flood of paper $. Revenue from import tariffs declined. Q Regional disagreements. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key Hartford Convention December, 1814 – January, 1815 Hartford Convention (1814-1815) • Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos. • Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. • The abolition of slavery. • That a President could only serve 1 term. • The abolition of the 3/5 clause. • The prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state. • ***Caused death of Federalist Party*** Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 The Battle of New Orleans, 1815 • After Treaty of Ghent was signed • Jackson becomes national hero • Rise of Nationalism Effects of the War of 1812 • Foreign respect and recognition for the United States • Nationalism (belief that the interests of the nation are more important than individual regions); National pride grows • U.S. manufacturing increases • Native American resistance declines The “Era of Good Feelings” (1815-1824) The Election of 1816 American Culture • Alexis de Tocqueville – Democracy in America – “America is a land of wonders, in which everything is in constant motion and every change seems to be an improvement.” • Thomas Cole – Hudson River School – Depicted and celebrated the American Countryside • BOTH OF THESE PROMOTED THE NEW SENSE OF NATIONALISM IN AMERICA Nationalism vs. Sectionalism • Nationalism – Belief that the interests of the nation as a whole are more important than interests of a particular region or of other countries • Sectionalism – Belief that one’s own section or region of the country is more important than the interests of the nation as a whole The American System Tariff of 1816 Passed to save American Businesses - Led to decrease in competition - protect American industries = federal revenue Land Prices - Keep prices high for revenue to pay for internal improvements Second Bank of the U. S. - stabilize currency - regulate risky state and local banks Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” Internal improvements at federal expense. (Roads/Canals) - National Road - Erie Canal The American System WEST got roads, canals, and federal aide. EAST got the backing of protective tariffs from the West. SOUTH more markets for cotton How did President Madison react? • Vetoes a bill to give states aid for infrastructure • No federal funds used to pay for infrastructure, UNCONSTITUTIONAL James Monroe [1817-1824] Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 - Agreement between U.S. and Spain - U.S. gains territorial rights to Florida ($5 million) - U.S. also gained territory in the west - A new Western boundary was drawn Economic Panic of 1819: Why? • Over-speculation • International relations (blockades) • Heavy war debt from War of 1812 • Increasing unemployment • Overuse of credit Panic of 1819: How to Recover • increase of tariffs (largely proposed by Northern manufacturing interests) • reduction of tariffs (largely proposed by Southerners, who believed free trade would stimulate the economy and increase demand) • monetary expansion • restriction of bank credit • direct relief of debtors • public works proposals • stricter enforcement of anti-usury laws • abolition of the national bank (the Second Bank of the United States) Marshall Court and Judicial Nationalism • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – If a conflict arises between national and state powers, national government is supreme – Stated that the “Necessary and Proper” Clause allowed Congress to use powers that are not expressly stated in the Constitution – Effect: Any law can be enacted by Congress if it helped the carry out their duties The Election of 1820 Missouri Controversy • Missouri wants to join Unites States • Slavery is an issue (Free State or Slave State?) • Current Power: 11 Free States/11 Slave States • Admission of Missouri will give one side more power. What happens? Missouri Compromise (1820) • Missouri enters as a slave state • Maine enters as a free state • Power still even (12 Free sates/12 slave states) • No more slavery in Louisiana territory states above 36° 30' line The Compromise of 1820: A Fireball in the Night! MISSOURI COMPROMISE *1820- there were an equal number of free and slave states (Senate power was equal) *Missouri and Maine will enter at same time to keep balance (Free & Slave enter together) *Line is drawn at Missouri to determine future of slavery **Why did many leaders believe that the Missouri Compromise was only a temporary solution? they knew that as soon as other territories applied for admission to the Union, the issue of balance of political power between the free and slave states would reemerge The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 proclaimed that European powers would no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. U.S. Neutrality and U.S. will be hostile if Europe colonizes Americas again 1. What foreign policy principles are established? Referred to as America’s Self-Defense Doctrine. 2. What warning is given to the European countries? Monroe Doctrine 3. What would the US do if the warning was not headed? The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain” The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain” In the election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives Popular Vote Electoral Vote Andrew Jackson 43% 99 J.Q. Adams 31% 84 William Crawford 13% 41 Henry Clay 13% 37 Candidate AGE OF JACKSON ELECTION OF 1824 *Four candidates ran for President *No winner in Electoral College * Because of the 12th Amendment the top three candidates were voted on by the House of Representatives *John Q. Adams chosen over Jackson as President * Henry Clay, gives his support to John Quincy Adams * Quincy Adams becomes President & appoints Henry Clay his Secretary of State. *Called “corrupt bargain” because Jackson had the most popular votes *Jackson’s supporters formed Democratic Party and opposed Adam’s policies *Jackson runs on his fame from the War of 1812 (Battle of New Orleans) Supreme court under Chief Justice John Marshall A series of Supreme Court decisions made under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall led to a strengthening of the power of the Federal Government Marbury v. Madison = judicial review Fletcher v. Peck = first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the US Constitution Dartmouth College v. Woodward = severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations McCulloch v. Maryland = no state can control an agency of the federal government Gibbons v. Ogden = only Congress can regulate interstate commerce ELECTION OF 1828 Andrew Jackson Wins *High voter turnout because voting requirements had been lowered - All white males had access to the polls - Many states had eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting (Higher voter turnout as a result) Andrew Jackson *“Common Man‘s” President; Jackson appealed to common people *Creation of the Spoils System - Jackson believed in a Spoils system = the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support. *Great Silence over the issue of slavery When Andrew Jackson was a Presidential candidate he was helped by a tripling of the number of qualified voters. Indian Removal Policy • Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate American Indian (or "Native American") tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. • Indian Removal Act (1830) – - Signed by Andrew Jackson Attempt to move the “five civilized tribes” west of Mississippi River Supported by the South Tens of thousands of Indians forced to move • Why? – Desire for land for cotton production/farming & to build cities/towns – Population growth – Dislike of Indians Indian Removal: Worcester v. Georgia • Issue – Whether States had the reserved power to pass laws concerning the Indian Nations, specifically the Cherokee. • Opinion – The Court ruled that the State had no power to pass any laws affecting the Cherokees because Federal jurisdiction over the Cherokees was exclusive. • Effect – Cherokee tribe wins and keeps land – Jackson ignores ruling and forces Cherokee off of land – Trail of Tears Footnote in History The professed aim of the US government’s Indian policy was the “civilization” of the Indians, and the official reason given for removal was that this aim could not be accomplished in areas surrounded by white settlements, subject to demoralizing frontier influences. The Cherokee had good reason to resist the relocation: *they had instituted a republican form of government *achieved literacy in their own language with the invention of a Cherokee alphabet by Sequoya *were making progress toward adopting a settled agrarian way of life that was similar to that of southern whites Trail of Tears (1838-1839) • Nullification: The legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional • Should a state be able to do this? Lots of people debated this. 1828: Tariff of Abominations • Protective tariff passed by congress • Increased the tax on imports (92%) • Effects – reduced market for goods – British reduced their imports of cotton from the United States, which hurt the South – South has to buy manufactured goods from U.S. manufacturers, mainly in the North, at a higher price, while Southern states also faced a reduced income from sales of raw materials – Nullification Crisis Vice President John C. Calhoun (S.C.) & Nullification • South Carolina Exposition: written by John C. Calhoun – denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional – Tariff must be lowered – S.C. threatens to nullify (make void/invalid) the tariff – Compromise eventually reached (tariff is lowered and S.C. repeals its nullification of the tariff) NULLIFICATION CRISIS *Debate over high tariffs (tariff of 1828) *John C. Calhoun V.P. (from SC) proposed the idea of Nullification *Theory of nullification = because states had created the Union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid. *South Carolina threatens secession, South Carolina’s economy was weakening and many people blamed the nation’s tariffs. *Jackson threatens the use of force after the Federal government passes another tariff, South Carolina declares the tariffs unconstitutional. President Jackson views this as an act of treason and sends a warship to Charleston and Congress authorizes the use of military force. *Henry Clay organizes a compromise that would lower tariffs within two years, SC repealed its nullification of the tariffs Hayne (SC) Webster (MA) Hayne-Webster Debate (State’s Rights) After the Tariff of 1828 (also referred to as the Tariff of Abominations) was passed, the Vice –President John C. Calhoun, who was from SC, suggested nullification to solve the issue. Senators Robert Hayne of SC and Daniel Webster debated the issue on the floor of the senate. The whole issue was over who should have more power: the state governments or the federal government. NOTE = this struggle over who has more power the state or federal government is one of those underlying issues that the nation must deal will and it comes up time and time again. NATIONAL BANK *Jackson hated the National Bank of the United States *Thought it was an abuse of power and served the wealthy *Jackson vetoed the new charter for the bank and withdrew all government funds, placing federal funds into his “pet banks” in each state *Jackson’s refusal to re-charter the National Bank led directly to the Panic of 1837 To President Andrew Jackson, the national bank was a symbol for Eastern wealth and power An 1832 Cartoon: “King Andrew”? The Industrial North • • • • the Industrial Revolution – started in Great Britain – machine-power replaced manpower • Mass production = more goods being produced – inventions • Eli Whitney interchangeable parts and the Cotton Gin (Prolongs the use slavery for years to come) • Robert Fulton steamboat “Fulton’s Ferry” • Samuel Morse telegraph Lowell, Massachusetts – Francis C. Lowell – the first “textile town” – Leads to the introduction of the factory concept – “Lowell Girls” = young female factory workers Erie Canal – connected the Great Lakes with NYC early Immigration – mainly from Western Europe The Agrarian South • “King Cotton” – cotton farming = backbone of southern society • Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin – made cotton production more efficient – increased the need for slavery (prolonged use of slaves for years to come) – Increased need for new farm land • rural/agrarian lifestyle SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES *Views differed on many issues *Land -North = Free Land - South = Market value *Tariff - North = High - South = Low *Slavery North (No), South (Yes) The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.] Birth of the Whig Party • Whig views: – Government programs to help economy and society – Reform/Change – Better Public Schools and education – Infrastructure improvements – Defender of “Common Man” – Democratic-Republicans are a party of corruption VAN BUREN *Martin Van Buren was elected after Jackson *Suffered because of Jackson’s bank policies The Whig Party was primarily interested in limiting the power of the President. *Panic of 1837 left many in bad economic situations thousands of farmers were forced to foreclose, and unemployment soared *Newly formed Whig party gains strength HARRISON AND TYLER *War hero William Henry Harrison becomes first Whig President (ran on the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”) (William Harrison won the Battle of Tippecanoe) *Harrison dies one month into office *John Tyler is first Vice President to become President ERA OF REFORM Second Great Awakening *Period of religious revival after 1800. - promoted the belief that all people could attain grace by readmitting God and Christ into their lives. *Charles Finney = an important advocate for the Second great Awakening, helped to found modern revivalism. *New Religious denominations = emerged from the new religious revival. Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon Faith) After the murder of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young leads the Mormons west to Utah territory to escape harassment/religious persecution. Transcendentalism *Belief in a simple lifestyle, self-reliance (trusting one’s intuition) * Knowledge of the world is found through reason, intuition, and personal experiences *Walt Whitman *Ralph Waldo Emerson = leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century. Advocated self-reliance. *Henry David Thoreau = believed individuals should fight the pressures to conform Civil Disobedience Education *One room schools *Few educated beyond age 10 *Horace Mann = education reformer - Started common-school movement - Advocated public schools for everyone - established state teacher-training programs - discouraged corporal punishment - Others supported establishment of tax-supported public elementary schools Note = At the start of the American Civil War Dorothea Dix was appointed superintendent of women nurses for the Union forces. Institutional Reform *Dorothea Dix Help for the mentally ill Helped start several mental hospitals *Prison reform = many states built new prisons Called penitentiaries, that tried to rehabilitate the prisoners *Meant to rehabilitate Utopia * Ideal “Perfect” Society * A group living area that would be perfect *Based on everyone working together * Brook Farm (Massachusetts), Oneida Community (NY), New Harmony (IN) *Most did not work very well Abolitionists *Those who opposed slavery *William Lloyd Garrison publisher of the Liberator (Abolitionist newsletter) and founder of the American Antislavery Society *Frederick Douglas, a former slave, now free African American who published the North Star “North Star” = run away slaves could follow the North Star and freedom *David Walker= Appeal, urged slaves to resort to violence when necessary to win their freedom. Rebellion *Slaves turn to violent methods *Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt killed 50 Virginians *Scared many slave holders in the South *Led to greater control over slaves = Slave codes passed Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in 1831 Virginia that ended in the deaths of many whites and blacks. Anti-Slavery *Emancipation *Moral wrong to have slaves Pro-slavery *New fears of revolts *Religious support . *Religious reasons *Values of the Constitution *Black codes begin *“Happy” plantation slave myth **Question What was the Northern reaction to the abolitionist movement? Many Northerners opposed extreme abolitionism, fearing that it would disrupt the social system. Some feared that it would result in an influx of African Americans. Others feared that abolition would destroy the Southerner economy. Women’s Movement *Women saw increased opportunities in reform movements *Abolitionists / Suffrage Grimke sisters = primarily credited with linking the women's rights movement to the anti-slavery movement. Angelina Grimké was the first woman to address a legislative body in the United States. Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Clay Stanton = organized the Seneca Falls Convention, a meeting to focus on equal rights for women and one that marked the beginning of the women’s movement. *Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments” Susan B. Anthony = a leader in the women's rights movement of the 19th century. Susan B Anthony was the best known speaker and organizer for woman suffrage. In 1979, Susan B. Anthony's image was chosen for the new dollar coin, making her the first woman to be depicted on US currency. The size of the dollar was, however, close to that of the quarter, and the Anthony dollar never became very popular. In 1999 the US government announced the replacement of the Susan B. Anthony dollar with one featuring the image of Sacagawea Seneca Falls Declaration *Temperance = many reformers argued that the excessive use of alcohol was one of the major causes of crime and poverty. These reformers advocated temperance, or moderation in the consumption of alcohol. Several temperance groups joined together in 1833 to form the Americans Temperance Union. Move to ban alcohol = Temperance groups also pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of alcohol. **Question Why did some reformers advocate temperance? these people believed that the excessive use of alcohol was the cause of various social problems, such as crime and poverty. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 1. New intellectual and religious movements. 2. Social reforms. 3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4. Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization. 5. Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions. 6. Increase in American nationalism. 7. Further westward expansion. “Manifest Destiny” • First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. • Belief that it is America’s god given destiny/right to move westward • A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged. Why move west?????? • • • • • • • Manifest Destiny Personal Reasons Religious Reasons Access to natural resources Access to land (build or farm) Entrepreneurship GOLD, GOLD, GOLD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Trails go west Santa Fe Trail Oregon Trail Independence, Missouri Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico to Willamette Valley Oregon Trade Lewis & Clark followed News of wealth = Interest this trail on expedition Leads to more westward movements and wealth for Santa Fe Mormon Trail Trail taken by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Days Saints Persecution over religious beliefs Groups often traveled the eventually forced the trail trail annually to move all the way to Utah Salt Lake City becomes the home of the Mormons The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston (1793-1863) Steven Austin (1793-1836) Texas Question? • Moses Austin – Missouri banker approaches Spain Texas Venture Plan • Land = Austin building a colony in Texas • Spain Agrees • Austin dies, son Stephen F. Austin carry’s out plans • Colony established in land best suited for farming • San Felipe – social and economic center of the colony What about Mexico?? • 1821 - Mexico becomes independent of Spain • Mexico passed new colonization laws concerning Texas • Land to new settlers →Settlers must be loyal citizens of Mexico Texan Independence • 1830: Mexico seals border and puts heavy tax on American imports to Mexico • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Mexican President, suspend Mexican Constitution and arrests Austin for trying to lead a revolt • Santa Anna revokes local powers in Texas and other Mexican states Rebellion occurs, Texas Revolution takes place • Battle of Gonzales – opening battle of Texas Revolution; Texans force Mexican Forces to retreat The Alamo • • • • • • • • Mission used as a fort Texas rebels drove out Mexican forces Santa Anna responds by storming the Alamo Santa Anna demands surrender, William Travis responds with cannon and artillery fire Mexicans storm fort again Davie Crocket and Jim Bowie (American frontiersman die) Lots of people, even women and children lose lives Santa Anna regains the Alamo Remember the Alamo! Republic of Texas • Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna in the battle of San Jacinto (630 Mexicans die in 18 minutes) • September 1836: Republic of Texas (Lone Star Republic) is born • 1838: Texas Leader Sam Houston invites the United States to annex Texas • 1845: Texas is admitted as the 28th state The Republic of Texas Election of 1844 • • • • James K. Polk is elected Polk support annexation of Texas Mexico “Annexation = Declaration of War” March 1845 – Congress passes resolution annexing Texas • December 29, 1845 – Texas annexed, now a state • Mexican government outraged….War comes Polk as Pres!! • Polk “LET’S EXPAND OUR TERRITORY!” • Polk “Don’t stop with Texas! California and New Mexico need to be part of the US.” • Little Mexican government involvement in CA & NM regions → Ability to acquire the territory • What about the boundary between Texas and Mexico???? – U.S. → Rio Grande separates U.S. & Mexico – Mexico → Border is as Nueces River – Money an issue too….American gov’t says Mexico owes $3 million losses during Mexico’s fight for independence The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000. US would California at any price. John Slidell The Mexican War (1846-1848) Causes of War 1. Annexing of Texas 2. Disputes over Texas/Mexico boundary 3. Manifest Destiny & Expansion ism 4. “Invasion” of Mexico by the U.S. War Comes…. • Polk Orders General Taylor into disputed area between Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. • Skirmish between Taylor and Mexicans forces • Polk uses incident to ask Congress for war declaration, “Mexico Invaded!!!” The Bear Flag Republic The Revolt June 14, 1845 Americans protest Mexican rule Rebels defeat Mexicans Mexico signs treaty making California independent John C. Frémont Important Cities Captured Palo Alto (General Zachary Taylor) Veracruz (General Winfield Scott) Mexico City (General Scott) Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 • • • • Negotiated by Nicholas Trist Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). Results of the Mexican-American War 1846-1848 1. Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (disease) 2. Mexican Cession 3. New territories = SLAVERY to the center of national politics and balance of power between North & South being upset 4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5. Manifest Destiny partially realized. The Mexican Cession Gadsden Purchase • Land purchased from Mexico for $10 million • Significant: Established the current borders of the lower 48 states Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! Discontented northern Democrats. Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! The 1848 Presidential Election Results √ California Gold Rush, 1849 49er’s Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 - California statehood. - Southern states threaten secession. - Underground RR & fugitive slave issues Compromise of 1850 • California was admitted as a free state • No slavery in D.C. • NM, AZ, UT were organized under the rule of popular sovereignty – Popular sovereignty: right of the people to vote for or against slavery • The Fugitive Slave Act was passed • All escaped slaves must be returned to their masters, and that ordinary citizens were required to aid slave-catchers • North: disagrees with law (resents it) Why? • South: stops discussing secession; Still unhappy, Why? • Resistance: Personal liberty laws – forbids imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed runaway slaves jury trials Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) Leader of Underground Railroad Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. $40,000 bounty on her head. Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses” Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Slavery is not just 1852 a political contest, but a moral struggle Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] ß Nativists – favor nativeborn Americans over Immigrants. ß Anti-Catholics. ß Anti-immigrants. 1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Democrat Gen. Winfield Scott Whig John Parker Hale Free Soil Territorial Growth to 1853 Kansas – Nebraska Act • created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska • opened new lands for settlement • repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Supported idea of “popular sovereignty” allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories. John Brown – “Bleeding Kansas” • Took place between 1854 and 1858 • John Brown feels God wants him fight slavery • series of violent events, involving Free-Staters (anti-slavery) and proslavery • Took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of Missouri • Considered a form of guerilla war Sumner-Brooks Affair Southerner Preston Brooks attacked antislavery senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate May 22, 1856 after Sumner’s speech “The Crime Against Kansas”. The attack illustrated the growing sectional antagonism. Republican Party • Formed by Horace Greeley in 1854 • Combined Northern Whigs and Antislavery Democrats • Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act, wanted to keep slavery out of the territories 1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan Democrat John C. Frémont Republican Millard Fillmore Whig Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) • Ruled that people of African descent could never be citizens of the United States • Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. • Slaves could not sue in court • Slaves were private property and can't be taken away from their owners without due process. • The decision for the court was written by Chief Justice Roger Taney. Effects of Dred Scott v. Sanford Case • strengthened Northern opposition to slavery in the North • Deprived African-Americans of citizenship • **divided the Democratic Party on sectional lines** • encouraged secessionist elements among Southern supporters of slavery to make even bolder demands • strengthened the Republican Party John Brown & Harpers Ferry • John Brown gains support from Northern Abolitionists for antiSlavery uprising • 1859 – John Brown attempts to seize federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA • U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee attack the raiders, capturing Brown Effects of John Brown’s Raid • Brown gained support from the North • Increased southerners fear of slave revolts • United white southerners in support of the South • Possibly sped the coming of the Civil War The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, Oct. 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine 1.Second debate with Lincoln 2. Popular sovereignty can be used to determine if state or territory should permit slavery Republican Party Platform in 1860 ß Non-extension of slavery (for the Free-Soilers). ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR[for the Northwest]. ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. ß Free homesteads for the public domain (for farmers). √ Abraham Lincoln Republican Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat 1860 Presidential Election John Bell Constitutional Union John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat Democratic Party Splits, allowing Lincoln, a Republican, to be elected 1860 Election Results Causes of Civil War Long Term: Immediate: • • • • • • • • • • • Manifest Destiny Slavery States’ rights Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act “Bleeding Kansas” John Brown Republican Party Election of 1860 Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860 Lincoln’s primary objective when the Civil War began was to preserve the Union. Confederacy • Confederate States of America • Confederate Constitution closely resembles the of the early United States; Why could that be a problem? • Slavery is “protected and recognized” The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens War Begins -Ft. Sumter, SC - First shots fired - SC secedes (Dec 20 1860) -Virginia Secedes followed by Ark., NC, and Tenn. -11 States Leave Union to form the CSA Modern War -Uses both old and new methods of war -Cavalry, Muzzle Rifles, Battlefield Formations -Railroads, telegraph, drafts, submarines, armored ships, observation balloons - Medicine – Clara Barton starts American Red Cross (cared for wounded soldiers Strategy-Union -Constrictor (Anaconda) Plan developed by Winfield Scott 1.divide the south through the Mississippi 2.control access to its portsBLOCKADE 3. CAPTURE RICHMOND Union plan to Win the war. By: General Winfield Scott Strategy-Confederacy -defensive battle FIGHT LONG ENOUGH FOR THE NORTH TO GIVE UP -Cotton Diplomacy/European recognition USE COTTON TRADE TO GET EUROPE TO SEND THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO FIGHT AdvantagesUnion Population (68%) Bank capital (78%) Railroad Mileage (71%) Farmland (51%) Industry (92%) AdvantagesConfederacy defending their homes Know the terrain strong sectional pride better military tradition and leadership First Major Battle -Bull Run; July 1861 - Many feel war will be short - Southern victory -did not pursue the retreating Union army -citizens watched the battle; reality sets in (No short war) Shiloh -April 1862 -costly victory for Grant -demonstrated the cost of victory would be great UNION CONTROL UPPER MISS. R. Antietam -Sept. 1862 -bloodiest single day of the war -Union victory for McClellan FAILED TO STOP LEE LINCOLN ISSUES EMANCIPATION PROCLIMATION AS A RESULT Vicksburg -Nov. 1862 -Grant surrounds city on the Mississippi -try to split the south BY CONTROLING THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER Battle of Fredericksburg • Lincoln replaces General George McClellan with Ambrose Burnside • December 1862 • Burnside orders troops to charge Lee 14 times • No success, Burnside retreats after losing almost 13,000 men • North is demoralized -Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863 1) ISSUED AFTER ANTIETAM 2) ONLY FREED THE SLAVES IN THE CONFEDERACY 3) CAUSED EUROPEAN NATIONS TO Life on the Home Front Southern Problems: – Food & supply shortages caused price increases (in the South) – Other reasons for increased prices: • 1) Inflation • 2) Increased money supply • 3) Eventually credit – Enlistment problems cause conscription (forced military service) Life on the Home Front Northern Problems – Military Draft – Anti-Draft riots – Copperheads (Called for Union troops to desert leading to their arrest) – Suspension of habeas corpus (right of an arrested individual to appear in court to face charges brought against them) – Lincoln “I will violate the Constitution if it means saving the union.” Battle of Chancellorsville -May 1863 -Union General Hooker leads force to surprise Confederate General Lee -Lee divides army and send Stonewall Jackson to attack Hookers right side - Attack worked, but battle continued -Jackson is killed, but Lee wins battle -Right time to invade North again Gettysburg -July 1863 North -Lee invades _____ -Confederates break through Union lines at Little Round Top -Lee orders attack on Cemetery Ridge -Pickett’s Charge -turning point of the war as Lee is defeated Battle of Vicksburg -July 1863 -Grant captures Vicksburg after long siege - South is split (North has access to the entire Mississippi River) -Grant is called to command Union armies Final Phase • General William Tecumseh Sherman given command of Union force in the western front • Grant vs. Lee – May 1864: Battle of Wilderness – May 1864: Battle of Spotsylvania – Union losses = 32,000 ; Confederate losses = 18,000 – Grant pushes on (to Richmond) – Battles of Cold Harbor & Petersburg (many more casualties; nothing gained for Grant – Lee digs in and waits Sherman’s March -burning of Atlanta _____________ - Total war -destroy the will to fight IN THE SOUTH - Starts with Atlanta and pushes through GA, SC, & NC Grant in Pursuit -1864 -Lee in retreat -Grant attacks repeatedly at great loss of life -Lincoln wants speedy end to war War’s End -April 1865 -Grant surrounds Lee outside Richmond LEE _____ SURRENDERS TO _________ GRANT -surrender at Appomattox _____________ Effects of Civil War • 13th Amendment (Ends/Abolishes slavery) • Deaths of over 600,000 men • South is destroyed (physically and economically) • Need plans to rebuild RECONSTRUCTION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR REBUILDING *Had to rebuild everything *Political *Social *Economic LINCOLN’S PLAN *Preserve Union *Higher cause *forgiving peace *“with malice toward none, with charity for all” *Amnesty to most *10% of a state’s population must take oath before the state could rejoin the Union *Little mention of former slaves RADICAL PLAN *Radical Republicans *Harsher plan *Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 = very stringent terms, a majority of the number who had been alive and registered to vote in 1860 would have to swear an “ironclad” oath stating that they were now loyal and had never been disloyal. This was obviously impossible in any former Confederate state unless blacks were given the right to vote. *Martial Law *State could not rejoin Union until a majority takes oath *Bar former Confederate leaders from office LINCOLN ASSASSINATED *John Wilkes Booth *V-P Andrew Johnson becomes President *President Johnson tried to follow Lincoln’s plan with additions *Congress refuses plan SOUTHERN ECONOMY -economy was totally destroyed -currency worthless -no transportation system -no gov’t authority -loss of slave labor: SOLUTIONTENATE FARMER, SHARECROPPING ____________________________ -growth of gov’t to provide public services LANDOWNERS -plantation owners hardest hit Slaves gone Crops destroyed Fortunes lost Homes looted -some radicals thought land should be divided to slaves as payment for slavery -but land was never given to slaves AFTER SLAVERY -many slaves left the plantations -looked for missing family -others simply moved to new areas -most did not have the money to buy any land PLANTATIONS RESTORED -many of the poor could not leave: FREEDMEN HAD NO $ TO BUY LAND, LAND OWNERS HAD NO $ TO PAY WORKERS -tenant farming- PEOPLE PAID RENT FOR THE USE OF THE LAND -sharecroppers- PEOPLE FARMED THE LAND FOR A SHARE OF THE CROP. -the absent idea of “40 acres and a mule” -cotton is no longer king FREEDMAN’S BUREAU -created to help former slaves adjust -provided education and schooling -helped former slaves find work -was never able to really help most former slaves -land reform was most basic need of former slaves Reconstruction -North becomes weary of Reconstruction -Republicans split over Grant scandals Credit Mobilier Whiskey Ring -Panic of 1873 -Radicals have less and less control over South Compromise of 1877 -1876 election TILDEN and __________ HAYES -________ run for election -No electoral winner -some southern votes are disputed HAYES -__________ is given all disputed electoral votes -Southern states threaten SUCCESSION _____________ again Deal is Made -Compromise is made HAYES -__________ wins the election RESULTING IN: WITHDRAW -Northern troops ___________ from the south RECONSTRUCTION -_________________ ends -Home Rule of South reverses many advances New Rules -Black Codes -Jim Crow laws- SEGREGATION, SUPPORTED BY: PLESSY v. FERGUSIONSEPARATE BUT EQUAL -Segregation -KKK political, economic, social Financial Control - Segregation -decline in freedoms -end of Freedmen’s Bureau -end of voting POLL TAXES LITERACY TEST -southern leaders ignored the Constitution 14th Amendment (citizenship) 15th Amendments (voting) New South -southern economy eventually emerged stronger than before the war -more industryTEXTILES -better transportation -whites were still in control and blacks were denied citizenship -sharecropping replaced slavery Imperialism Isolationism Isolationism = keeping out of the political affairs of other countries. America’s policy since George Washington. Washington’s advice - Stay out of Foreign Affairs Had been the policy of government Imperialism -Policy of taking colonies for economic interests -other world powers were building empires REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM -U.S. also needed new markets for our products -RAW MATERIALS -BASES FOR DEFENSE Motives for Imperialism To expand economically To gain political power (competing with other nations) To gain military power (competing with other nations) To subjugate other races (the belief in the moral superiority of the Anglo-Saxon culture) To satisfy feelings of nationalism ***NOTE = jingoism = the extreme belief that one’s own country is the best. Building an Empire Alaska, 1867 Seward’s Folly Purchased from Russia Alaska : Sec. of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska in 1867 for $7.2 million from Russia. It was highly contested in Congress. Also known as “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly,” it was generally thought to be useless, but later proved to be an excellent addition. Hawaii, 1893 Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown by American sugar planters in Hawaii (Sanford B. Dole). The US did believe US control of Hawaii was essential for trade with Asia and did not want another country to claim Hawaii. Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote Influence of Sea Power upon History advocated acquiring colonies for markets and building a strong navy to protect those colonies The United States annexed some of the Pacific islands for all the following reasons: to obtain exclusive rights to raw materials fueling stations for the United States ships satisfy the demand for territorial expansion