Download The Civil War Begins

Chapter 15: The Civil War Begins
Section 1 – Texas Secession
The secession of Southern
states cause the North and the
South to take up arms. Texas
becomes one of the early
states to secede from the
Union and join the
Confederacy.
Which side had the
advantage in the
Civil War?
North vs. South in 1861
On a sheet of paper, draw the chart below. After studying
the few slides that follow, write in your responses and
complete the chart.
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
Rating the North & South
Railroad Lines in 1860
Resources: North & South
Soldiers Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Union & Confederacy in 1861
Slave / Free States Population in
1861
Union
Confederacy
The
Advantages
Disadvantages
Civil War
(1861-1865)
Through
Maps, Charts,
Graphs &
Pictures
Population

22 million (4 million men of combat age)

Economy- 100,000 factories
1.1 million workers
20,000 miles of railroad
$189 million in bank deposits
$59 million in gold specie
Abraham Lincoln
War fought on confederate soil.

Why was the war being fought?

“Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
Lack of military leadership
Military Leadership

Robert E. Lee

Stonewall Jackson
Military Training

VMI (Virginia Military Institute)

WestPoint
Home field advantage

Familiar with terrain

Morale booster
Population

9 million (3.5 million slaves, only 1.2 million
men of combat age)

Economy- 20,000 factories
101,000 workers
9,000 miles of railroad
$47 million in bank deposits
$27 million in gold specie
Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Many Issues Divide the Country
• 1861 – Texas joined 10 other states to
secede from the Union and form the
Confederate States of America (CSA).
• This action followed years of longstanding differences between the North and
the South.
What Issues did the North & South
Disagree On?
• Tariffs – taxes on imported goods
• Distribution of public lands
• States’ Rights – states should have more
power over what they do and the federal
government should have less power over
them.
• Most of all – the issue of SLAVERY
Comparing the Views
of the North and the South
• Draw a chart as follows. Use the information on
the next slides to complete the chart.
Issue
Tariffs
States’ Rights
Slavery
Union
Confederacy
The Republican Party Opposes
Slavery
• Many Northerners who opposed slavery joined
the Republican Party.
• Abolitionists – wanted to end ALL slavery.
• However, not all Northern whites agreed. The
majority of Northern whites were prejudiced
against African Americans (free/slave).
• BUT…the majority of Northern whites did NOT
want slavery to spread westward into new
territories.
A Northern/Republican’s View:
• Many Northern business leaders and
farmers believed that the Southern
Democrats were responsible for an
economic depression (similar to the Great
Depression) of the late 1850s could be
brought back by tariffs, a homestead act,
and other internal improvements.
Tariffs
Republicans/Northerners believed:
• Would boost the economy and bring in much
needed money to businesses and farmers.
States’ Rights
Republicans/Northerners believed:
• The federal system (under which the U.S.
government was formed) allowed for the sharing
of powers between the federal government and
state governments.
• States should NOT have more powers than they
were given in the original U.S. constitution.
• States had NO RIGHT to secede from the Union.
A Southern/Democrat’s View:
• Opposed to ALL of the North’s ideas because
they believed the ideas would ONLY benefit the
North – not the South.
• Believed that
victory for the
Republican Party
would mean the
end of slavery
and the
Southern way of life.
States’ Rights
• [Southern] states are sovereign, meaning
they had entered the Union voluntarily and
they should be able to leave it voluntarily
as they see fit.
Tariffs
• As sovereign states, they [Southern states]
had the sole authority to set or void tariffs
as they saw fit.
Southern States Vow to Secede
• During the 1860 presidential election, Southern
leaders threatened to secede if a Republican
(Abraham Lincoln) was elected.
• After Lincoln won the 1860 election, 6 states
seceded: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana.
• Texans call on Governor Sam Houston to
organize a convention to consider secession also.
The Convention Votes on Secession
• Sam Houston OPPOSED secession.
• Houston did not believe that the South
could win a war against the North.
• He hoped that Texans would rally against a
convention and declare such a convention
illegal.
• Houston refused to call a special session of
the legislature and Texans organized a
convention and elected delegates to attend
- all without Houston’s approval.
Texas Secession Convention
• Met in Austin on January 28, 1861.
• Adopted a decree called the “Ordinance of Secession.”
Ordinance declared that the U.S. government had abused its
power in order to “strike down the interest and prosperity
of the people of Texas” …”her citizens are freed from all
allegiance to the U.S.”
• On February 23, 1861, Texas approved secession
from the Union and became the 7th state to secede
from the Union and join the Confederacy.
The Confederacy is Formed
• Formed at a convention in Montgomery,
Alabama on February 4, 1861.
• Called the Confederate States of America
(CSA).
Confederate Constitution
• Drew up a constitution similar to the U.S.
constitution, but with some important
differences:
• 1. states were given MORE power and the
federal government was given LESS
power;
• 2. this constitution guaranteed the
protection of slavery.
The Confederate “White House”
Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
Texas Approves the Confederate
Constitution
• Texas quickly approved the Confederate
constitution.
• They prepared a Texas Constitution of
1861.
• This constitution replaced references to the
“U.S. constitution” with “Confederate
constitution.”
Houston Removed from Office
• Texas Secession Convention ordered all state
government leaders to take an oath of loyalty to
the Confederacy – Houston refused and is
removed as Governor.
• Lt. Governor Edward Clark replaced Houston as
Governor (he took the oath)
• This ends Houston’s career in politics and
military – he retires to home in Huntsville and
dies in 1863.
Lincoln’s View on States’ Secession
• Lincoln said that the
Union was
“perpetual”
(continuing forever)
and the Southern states
had no right to leave it.
• He promised to carry
out the law of the land
(according to the U.S.
constitution) in all
states, and
• Vowed to preserve the
nation at all costs.
The War Begins
• It starts at Fort Sumter, SC:
• Confederate soldiers take over Fort Sumter
– Fort Sumter— a Union outpost in the Charleston harbor
– Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
• First Shots
–
–
–
–
Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends food
For South, no action would damage sovereignty of Confederacy
Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into war
Orders Confederate soldiers to fire on Sumter April 12, 1861
This is the beginning of the Civil War!
Section 2 – Texans Go to War
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
George McClellan,
Again!
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
Battle of Bull Run
(1st Manassas)
July, 1861
Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
Confederates Fire on Fort
Sumter
• The Confederacy Takes Control
– Confederate soldiers take over government, military
installations
– Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor
– Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
• Lincoln’s Dilemma
– Reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of slave
states to secede
– Evacuating fort would legitimize Confederacy,
endangering the Union
Confederates Fire on Fort
Sumter
• First Shots
–
–
–
–
Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends food
For South, no action would damage sovereignty of Confederacy
Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into war
fires on Sumter April 12, 1861
• Begins the Civil War
Confederates Fire on Fort
Sumter
• Virginia Secedes
– Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush to enlist
– Virginia unwilling to fight the South; secedes from Union
• This is very important, because Virginia is the most populated state
in the South, and Robert E. Lee is from Virginia
– antislavery western counties secede from VA, creating the state of
West Virginia
• Three more states secede; border states remain in Union
– Border states are very important.
– Lincoln will have to make political decisions that will not agitate
the border states.
Americans Expect a Short War
• Union and Confederate Strategies
– Union advantages: soldiers, factories, food, and railroads
– Confederate advantages: cotton profits, generals, motivation
• Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South
– blockade Southern ports
– divide Confederacy in two in west
– capture Richmond, Confederate capital
• Confederate strategy: defense, invade North if
opportunity arises
Overview
of
the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
The “Anaconda” Plan
Americans Expect a Short War
• Bull Run
– Bull Run—first battle, near Washington, D.C.; Confederate
victory
• This battle shows both sides that the war will not be short.
– Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in
battle
Union Armies in the West
• Protecting Washington, D.C.
– After Bull Run, Lincoln calls for 1 million additional
soldiers
– Appoints General George McClellan to lead Army of
the Potomac
• Forts Henry and Donelson
– General Ulysses S. Grant—brave, tough, decisive
commander in West
– Feb. 1862, Grant captures Confederate Forts Henry,
Donelson
Union Armies in the West
• Shiloh
– March 1862, Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at
Shiloh
– Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat; thousands dead,
wounded
– Shiloh teaches preparation needed, Confederacy vulnerable in
West
• Farragut on the Lower Mississippi
– David G. Farragut commands fleet that takes New Orleans,
April 1862
• Why is New Orleans an important victory for the North
– takes Baton Rouge, Natchez
• Pretend that you have been given the task
of setting the odds of winning or losing the
Civil War. Look at the advantages and
disadvantages for both sides and make a
prediction and explain your prediction
The War for the Capitals
• “On to Richmond”
– McClellan waits to attack Richmond; drills troops for 5 months
[Visual]
– Spring 1862, Robert E. Lee takes command of Southern army
• Lee, McClellan fight Seven Days’ Battle; Union leaves
Richmond area
– Lee shows the advantage of military leadership for the
Confederacy.
– The confederacy in the east is very successful, even though they
are outnumber, and outmatched
The War for the Capitals
• Antietam
• Lee wins the Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into
Maryland !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Lee, McClellan clash at Antietam—bloodiest single-day
battle in American History!!!!!!!
• Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not
pursue
• Lincoln fires McClellan
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Lives on the Lines
– Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene lead to disease in camp
• Soldiers only required to wash their hands and face once a day, and
bath once a week.
– Diets are unvaried, limited, unappealing
A Revolution in Warfare
• Ironclads – What is an Ironclad?
– New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut
– Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning
– March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fight to a draw
• New Weapons
– Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than
muskets
– Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land mines are
used
– Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage in infantry
attacks
1864 Copperhead
Campaign Poster
African Americans Fight for
Freedom
• Slave Resistance in the Confederacy
– Slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines
– On plantations, destroy property, refuse to leave with fleeing
owners
Both Sides Face Political
Problems
• Conscription
– Casualties, desertions lead to conscription—draft to serve in
army
– Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve for them
– Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted
– 90% eligible Southerners serve; 92% Northern soldiers volunteer
• Draft Riots
– White workers fear Southern blacks will come North, compete
for jobs
– Angry at having to free slaves, mobs rampage through New York
City
– Also rioted because the rich did not have to fight. (Substitutes)
Britain Remains Neutral
• Britain Pursues Its Own Interests
– Britain has cotton inventory, new sources; does not
need South
– Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality
• The Trent Affair
– Confederate diplomats travel on Trent to get British,
French support
– U.S. Navy arrests them; Lincoln frees them, averts
war with Britain
• Almost brings Britain into the war.
African Americans Fight for
Freedom
• African-American Soldiers
– African Americans 1% of North’s population, by war’s end 10%
of army
– Lower pay than white troops for most of war; limits on military
rank
• Will eventually receive equal pay.
– High mortality from disease; POWs killed or returned to slavery
– Fort Pillow, TN—Confederates massacre over 200 AfricanAmerican POWs
– Why?!!!!!!!!
The Peace Movement: Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham
The Southern View of Emancipation
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
The Year is 1863…
The Civil War is progressing…
The fighting is intense and the
death toll is climbing…
Events are unfolding quickly
now…these events will forever
change the nation…
for better and for worse…
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
•
•
By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President
Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.
Terms of the Proclamation:
1) frees slaves in the Confederate states
2) does NOT apply to areas occupied by the Union or states
where slavery is permitted in the Union – (such as the border
states of Missouri and Kentucky)
3) Discourages Britain from supporting/joining the Confederacy
(audio clips of freed slaves)
Proclaiming Emancipation
•
Lincoln’s View of Slavery
1) Federal government has no power to abolish slavery
where it exists
2) Lincoln decides slaves who labor for Confederacy
(southern states) CAN BE FREED
•
The Proclamation brings mixed reactions…
Emancipation in 1863
Some Reactions:
• gives war a higher moral purpose
• Free blacks can now join Union army and fight
against slavery
• Northern Democrats claim it will antagonize the
South and prolong the war
• Confederacy now MORE DETERMINED to
fight to keep slavery
• No chance of compromise now-one side must
Win and the other side must LOSE!
Both Sides Face Political
Problems
• Dealing with Dissent
• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:
– order to bring accused to court, explain charges
– (Copperheads – anti-war N Democrats among those arrested)
– Seizes telegraph offices to prevent subversion
• Davis denounces Lincoln’s action and then suspends
habeas corpus in South also
• Lincoln’s action in dramatically expanding presidential
powers to meet a crisis in wartime “emergency powers”
sets precedent for future presidents
Presidential
Election
Results:
1864
1864: Life During Wartime
• The Civil War brings about dramatic social and economic
changes in American society including:
1)
African Americans join the Union army to fight
(54th Massachusetts)
2) Other slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines
3) On plantations: some destroy property, others refuse
to leave
African-American Recruiting Poster
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
The War Affects Regional
Economies
• FOOD SHORTAGES in the South
– Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of
slaves
– Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade with
enemy
• ECONOMY BOOM in the North
– Industries that supply army boom; some contractors cheat and
profit
– Wages do not keep up with prices; workers’ standard of living
drops
– Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs
– Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war
Inflation in the South
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• More soldiers died from Dysentery (diarrhea)
than were killed in battle
• Lived in unsanitary camps, conditions (epidemics
easily spread) wash hands 1/day, bathe 1/week
• 75% of surgeries were amputations (saw often
used on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing)
- fingers the most amputated body part
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Prisons
– Andersonville—worst Confederate prison (in
Georgia)
– Conditions so bad that Major (warden) Henry Wirz is
tried, convicted, hanged for war crimes from
Andersonville
– no shelter, sanitation, little food
– 1/3 of prisoners die
– Northern prisons more space, food, shelter Major
The North Takes Charge
• UNION army is wearing down the CONFEDERACY
• KEY VICTORIES for Union:
1) Vicksburg, and
2) Gettysburg
Armies Clash at Gettysburg
• Prelude to Gettysburg
In May 1863, South defeats North at Chancellorsville
– Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops
– dies 8 days later of pneumonia
Armies Clash at Gettysburg
• Three-day battle at Gettysburg devastates/cripples the
South…
1) Union (Meade) and Confederate (Lee)
2) vicious artillery fire
3) on 3rd day, Lee retreats and Meade stays behind
• Staggering losses on both sides
• This is the turning point in the war
Gettysburg Casualties
Vicksburg Under Siege
• Grant Wins at Vicksburg
– Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from
controlling Mississippi
– Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines,
sacks Jackson
– Grant begins siege in May
– Starving Confederates surrender on July 4
– Confederacy completely divided
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
The Gettysburg Address
• The Memorial Ceremony
– November 1863, ceremony held to dedicate cemetery
in Gettysburg and honors dead soldiers
– Edward Everett, noted speaker, gives flowery twohour speech
– Lincoln’s two-minute Gettysburg Address asserts
unity of U.S.
– Speech calls for living to dedicate selves to
preserving the Union and freedom
The Confederacy Wears Down
• Confederate Morale
– South unable to attack; hopes to get armistice
– Civilian morale plummets
– Discord in government
• Grant Appoints Sherman
– March 1864, Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union
armies
– Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of
Mississippi division [West]
Grant, Sherman believe in total war
to destroy South’s will to fight
The Confederacy Wears Down
• Grant and Lee in Virginia
• Grants’s strategy:
1) immobilize Lee in Virginia while Sherman raids
Georgia
2) May 1864-April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many
battles
- heavy losses on both sides
- North can replace soldiers – South cannot!
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
The Confederacy Wears Down
• Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Sept, 1864:
1) Sherman takes Atlanta
- not much of a fight, Atlanta mostly vacant
2) Sherman cuts wide path (60 miles) of destruction
across Georgia towards Savannah
3) By December, takes Savannah and moves up to SC
- even more destruction in SC
1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
The Confederacy Wears Down
• The Election of 1864
1) Lincoln re-elected for 2nd term
• IT’S OVER! The Surrender at Appomatox
1) Davis’s government leaves Richmond and
burn it to the ground
2) Lee surrenders April 9, 1865 at the
Appomattox Courthouse
- Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
The Legacy of the War
• Civil War settles long-standing
disputes over states’ rights and
slavery.
• Many changes follow….
The War Changes the Nation
• Political Changes
1)
2)
ends threats of secession
increases power of federal government
• Economic Changes
1)
2)
new federal system of chartered banks
Gap between North and South widens
- North: industry and commercial agriculture
growth
- South: industry, farms destroyed
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
The Costs of the War
•
Costs of the War
1) Hundreds of thousands dead, wounded; lives
disrupted
•
•
Union troops killed 360,000
Confederate troops killed 260,000
2) Financially, war costs the government an
estimated $3.3 billion
The War Changes Lives
• New Birth of Freedom
1) 1865: 13th Amendment abolishes slavery in
all states
• Civilians Follow New Paths
1) Some soldiers stay in army, others are
civilians, many go west
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassination
The War Changes our Future
• Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre
Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is trapped by
Union cavalry and shot
3) 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral
train
1)
2)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
WANTED~~!!
The Execution