Download THE CIVIL WAR

THE CIVIL WAR
**Beginnings of the actual war
-Fort Sumter (SC) — one of the last forts held
by N
-it had low supplies & might have to give up
-Lincoln knew he could not send troops or the
S would fight
-decided to tell S he would send provisions
NOT reinforcements
-S didn’t see a difference
-Apr. 12, 1861 S opened fire & after 32 hours
took the fort
-N saw it as a provocation
-Apr. 15 — Lincoln called for 75,000 militia
and the Civil War began
 Border states: Missouri, KY, MD, Del., &
later W.VA (6/20/1863) remained neutral
-important due to rivers for navigating &
manufacturing in KY, MD, Missouri
-high white population
Lincoln did not publicly declare that he was
fighting to free the Blacks
-to save union instead
“Brother against Brother” — Crittenden had 1
son fight for S while another son fought for
N; Lincoln’s wife had 4 brothers fight for
the S

**Advantages & Disadvantages
 South Adv.
(1) fighting on own soil
(2) only fight to a draw
(3) fighting for way of life
(4) most talented officers
[Lee, Stonewall Jackson]
(5) men were good at fighting

South Disadv
(1) no factories
(2) few RR’s
(3) only 9,103,332 pop.
[3,521,110 in slaves, 1.2 million
combat age]
(4) only $47 million in bank

North Adv. 100,000
(1) had both farms & factories
(2) 23 states & 7 territories [Calif., Ore,
KY, Md, MO]
(3) Some 20,000 miles of RR track
(4) controlled the seas [superior navy]
(5) larger armies
(6) larger pop. (22,339,989) [4 mill,
combat age]
(7) $189 million in bank deposit

North Disadv
(1) Military, not well trained
(2) less talented mil. leaders
(3) had to “go into the South”

What if….
(a) Border states secedes?
(b) Upper Miss. River Valley states
stayed with the Union?
(c) North demanded an armistice?
(d) Europe broke blockade

**Expanding Presidential Powers & Limiting
Liberties (North)
-All of the following were done by Lincoln but
later approved by Congress
Lincoln created a blockade around the South
-increased size of military
-ordered $2 million from the US Treasury for mil.
Purposes
-suspended writ of habeas corpus
-held supervised elections in Border States,
intimidated voters, limited the right of some
newspapers
Northern Army
-1st relied on volunteers (quota from each
state)
-1863 Congress passed a draft (rich could
hire subs or pay to the govt. $300 not to
go)
-result: “Bounty Brokers” would go to the
poor houses in Eng. to get men to enlist

Southern Army
-enlisted men aged 17 to 50
-used a draft earlier
-called “a rich man’s war, but a poor
man’s fight”
 Women’s role
-worked in factories, tended to the sick
(1st female doctor Elizabeth Blackwell)
nurses (Clara Barton)

War Battles Begin
(battles named differently: North named
them for the waterways closest by;
south for the nearest communities)
-Lincoln originally planned to fight for 90
days
-he did not necessarily want to get rid of
slavery
-only get the South to come back
**1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction)
{30 miles SW of DC}
-July 21, 1861 — 1st major battle
-Union troops fled but the Conf. were too tired
to follow and finish
 *Effects:
-psychologically = (a) gave South too much
confidence, (b) some felt it was already
over, (c) hurt North’s morale for quick
victory & caused them to buckle down
**Lincolns plan of total war: The
Anaconda Plan
(1) blockade South
(2) free slaves & remove economic base
in South
(3) take Miss. River & cut South in half
(4) cut it up by putting troops in GA & the
Carolinas
(5) take Richmond
(6) wear them down

**Antietam (9/17/1862) — turning point
& bloodiest battle of the war
-turned out to be a draw, but Lee
withdrew;
-Union army under Gen. George McClellan
chose not to pursue

-crucial because
(1) Br. & Fr. were on the verge of
intervening but since N won they held
off;
(2) gave Lincoln reason to announce the
Emancipation Proclamation
**Emancipation Proclamation —Jan. 1,
1863
-“The Old South will be destroyed”
-declared “forever free” the slaves in those
Confed. States still in rebellion
-border state slaves not effected (about
800,000)
-Lincoln really could not free them, but
allowed many to free themselves; only
really strengthened the North’s moral basis
**After Antietam, McClellan was eventually
replaced by Gen. Meade
-Lee decided to invade the North into PA
-Lee met Meade at Gettysburg (Union =
92,000 men v. 76,000) in July, 1863.
-battled back and forth for days, with no victor
in sight
-finally, the Union defeated Lee
-from here on South at a loss : day after Union
won at Vicksburg (by Grant)
-a few months later, the Gettysburg Address
given in the fall of 1863
**After much searching, Lincoln finally found a
competent leader:
Ulysses Grant (victories at Fort Henry,
Donnellson, & Shiloh)
*Shermans March to the Sea - William Tecumseh
Sherman (1864- 1865)
-captured Atlanta (burned most of it) decided to
take his men & live off of the land + go to
Savannah (250 miles away)
-destroyed everything in his 60 mile wide path all
the way to the sea
ELECTION OF 1864
-Lincoln renominated
-Vice President became Andrew Johnson (War
Dem., used to patch things up with border
states)
-Lincoln won 212 to McClellan’s 21 (from KY,
Del. MD)
-his win caused the South to lose hope
Confederates finally surrendered (Lincoln
would accept nothing less)
-Union took Richmond & cornered Lee at
Appomattox Courthouse in Va on Apr. 12,
1865
*Lincolns death
-shot in Ford’s Theatre on Apr. 14, 1865 by
John Wilkes Booth
-upset over the treatment of the South

**Cost of the War
-Union army lost 2,324,516 + 1 million wounded
-Conf. Army lost 260.000 + over a million
wounded
-entire nation lost a entire generation, including
the best minds and potential leaders
-$15 billion
-surrender forever put down states’ rights &
nullification
-preserved democratic ideals
-inspired other democratic supporters around
the world