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Transcript
Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by: Renee Payne Alabama School for the Deaf Talladega, AL Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen? Reconstruction • Time form 1865-1877 when the United States started to rebuild after the Civil War President Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan * * * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) also called “The 10% Plan” Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. President Lincoln’s Plan Lincoln’s plan upset the Republicans in Congress They were called the Radical Republicans They responded to Lincoln’s 10% Plan with the Wade-Davis Bill Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ) to the Constitution. Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Was vetoed by Lincoln Radical Republicans were upset They warned Lincoln to leave Reconstruction to Congress. President Lincoln Pocket Veto Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln’s Assassination • In April 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. • Andrew Johnson became the 17th President of the United States. • His plan for Reconstruction was called Presidential Reconstruction. President Andrew Johnson Agreed with Lincoln’s plan. Wanted to punish the wealthy landowners in the south. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions refusing slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! Major Reconstruction Legislation • • • • • Freedman’s Bureau Acts of 1865 Civil Rights Acts of 1866 Reconstruction Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Established by Congress Northerners called moved south to help with food, clothes, schools, and other services Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. Southerners who became Republicans were called “scalawags” Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do. Freedmen’s Bureau School Civil Rights Act of 1866 Passed to help forbid black codes Black Codes: Couldn’t carry weapons Couldn’t serve on a jury Couldn’t testify against whites Couldn’t marry whites Couldn’t start a business Couldn’t travel without permits Black Codes Purpose: * * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Congress Breaks with the President February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Angered Radical and Moderate Republicans. They worked together AND Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!! The 1866 Bi-Election An issue of Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. 14th Amendment – Civil Rights Ratified in July, 1868. * * * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. Insure against neo-Confederate political power. Enshrine the national debt while rejecting that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts. *Tennessee was excused because they had been readmitted into the union and ratified the 14th amendment Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government, like Edwin Stanton – Secretary of War. A question of the constitutionality of this law because it made Exec Branch answer to the Legislative Branch. Edwin Stanton President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47! The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote). Johnson the Martyr / Samson If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union. (February 1866) Ulysses S. Grant • Democrats knew they couldn’t win with Johnson, so they nominated U.S. Grant as their candidate. • To help ensure there would not be limits on black suffrage, the Radical Republicans introduced the 15th Amendment. 15th Amendment – Voting Rights Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! Reconstruction Part 2 The 1868 Republican Ticket Grant and Colfax The 1868 Democratic Ticket Seymour and Blair 1868 Presidential Election President Ulysses S. Grant Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * Credit Mobilier Scandal. * Whiskey Ring. * Tweed Ring Grant Administration Scandals Credit Mobilier Scandal – Involved the Union Pacific Railroad. Whiskey Ring – Involved whiskey distillers paying only part of the taxes they owed government Tweed Ring – Involved William “Boss” Tweed who stole millions of dollars from New York City through fraudulent contracts. Credit Mobilier Scandal Stockholders w/Union Pacific Railroad, formed a company “Credit Mobilier.” The Credit Mobilier company sold supplies to the government to use for the railroad, but they sold them at a higher price. The Whiskey Ring The IRS tried to steal money from the government by allowing distillers of whiskey (makers) to pay only part of the taxes they owed. In exchange, the IRS agents would be bribed (paid off). The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall (the Democratic Club of NY) He and his “ring” of associates controlled contracts for goods and services in the city. Through the contracts they overcharged for services or made up false receipts, stealing millions of dollars from the city and citizens. Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter] Who Stole the People’s Money? The Election of 1872 - Grant vs. Greeley Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans. Horace Greeley runs as a Democrat/Liberal Republican candidate. Greeley attacked as a fool and a crank. Greeley died on November 29, 1872! 1872 Presidential Election Popular Vote for President: 1872 Presidential Election Results - 1872 Even with all the scandals that happened during his first election, Ulysses S. Grant became the President again in 1872. Grant had won his 2nd term in office. And They Say He Wants a Third Term The Panic of 1873 A depression hit in 1873 People took advantage of business opportunities in the south by borrowing money from the bank Many lost money and could not repay the debt Banks went broke and closed The series of financial failures started the Panic of 1873 with more than 3million workers jobless! Currency Dispute During the Civil War the government issued “greenbacks” Paper money that was not backed by an equal value in gold. Many wanted to go back to the pre-war system of “hard money” or gold. Specie-Resumption Act – passed in 1875 to put the country back on the gold standard. Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) The court offered a narrow definition of the 14th Amendment. It distinguished between national and state citizenship. It gave the states primary authority over citizens’ rights. Therefore, the courts weakened civil rights enforcement! Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments Bradwell vs. Illinois (1873) Myra Bradwell, a female attorney, had been denied the right to practice law in Illinois. She argued that in the 14th Amendment, it said that the state had reduced her “privileges and immunities” as a citizen which was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court rejected her claim, alluding to women’s traditional role in the home. Therefore, she should NOT be practicing law! Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments U. S. vs. Reese, et. al. (1876) The Court restricted congressional power to enforce the KKK Act. The court ruled that the STATE alone could give voting rights to individuals. The 15th Amendment did NOT guarantee a citizen’s right to vote, but just listed certain impermissible grounds to deny suffrage. Therefore, a path lay open for Southern states to disenfranchise blacks for supposedly non-racial reasons [like lack of education, lack of property, etc.] Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876) LA white supremacists accused of attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court held that the 14th Amendment extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES. Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups were NOT covered. Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments Civil Rights Cases (1883) The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by the states, but NOT by private individuals. Black people must no longer “be the special favorites of the laws.” Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to protect African American rights until well into the 20c! Reconstruction Part 3 Politics At the end of Reconstruction, Southern Democrats gained control of the government. People in the South tended to vote for Democrats so often that they called the area the Solid South African Americans were still not allowed to vote because when the troops left no one protected these rights Economy • After the Civil War, the South was in ruin • Farms were destroyed, family members had died, animals were killed, homes were vacant • There were few jobs • The newly freed slaves turned to the job they knew, farming. 40 Acres and a Mule • For some freed slaves, General Sherman had promised those who fought with him 40 acres of land and the use of an army mule at the end of the war • They were given this land in Georgia and South Carolina • Many of them, however, had none of the tools they needed, so a new system was developed. Sharecropping Sharecropping is a system where landowners divide their land and give each worker (freed slaves or poor whites) a few acres, seed and tools. When crops are ready, the worker shares ½ the crop with the landowner as rent for the year. Sharecropping Tenant Farming Tenant farming is a system where tenants pay a landowner cash to rent land for farming. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Tenant Farmer Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Landowner Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop. Industry in the South • The south had resources and workers, but they did not have the money needed to start businesses or the transportation to get the products to market. • With help from the Democrats, the south improved transportation and they developed textile mills and industry Industrialization in the South • Iron, Steel and Coal (centered in Birmingham, AL) • Tobacco Processing (centered in North Carolina) • Cotton Processing (now the industry came to the South instead of shipping the cotton to Europe) New Freedoms • After the Civil War, newly freed slaves had many rights – They could marry within their race and they did so in large numbers – They could form their own churches – They could develop their own schools – even universities – Families who had been separated through slavery, searched for each other – They took a leadership role in politics with voting, organized conventions, and served in congress – Many of the black codes were repealed Black & White Political Participation The Balance of Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South Black Senate & House Delegates Colored Rule in the South? Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting. Anti-Black Violence • Many who had lost their money and power were angry and took it out on the newly freed African Americans. • They did not want the North to influence the South • Secret resistance societies began to form against the African Americans • The best known was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) The “Invisible Empire of the South” The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act] passed to stop KKK violence.. The acts helped slow KKK activity BUT Individual acts continued. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years! Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican “Southern Strategy” Northern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year depression]. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Key monetary issues: * * should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War. should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks. 1876 Presidential Tickets “Regional Balance?” 1876 Presidential Election The Political Crisis of 1877 “Corrupt Bargain” Part II? Hayes Prevails Alas, the Woes of Childhood… Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me! A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877