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Download Objective: Students will learn about how the debate over slavery
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Transcript
Standard(s): 21.Demonstrate knowledge of the causes, effects, and major events of the Civil War 28.Identify the significance of landmark Supreme Court Rulings from 1803-1877 including: – Marbury vs. Madison – Dred Scott Decision – Plessy vs. Ferguson 29.Understand the need for and growth of political parties 30.Define and identify the duties and responsibilities of citizenship 1848 to 1860 • Renewal of Debates • Trouble in Kansas • Political Division • The Nation Divides Renewal of Slavery Debates • The Missouri Compromise had divided the Louisiana Purchase – North of latitude 36º30'slavery was prohibited • Polk wanted to extend the line to the coast • Some wanted popular sovereignty (the people decide to be a free or slave state) More Debates • Wilmot Proviso – “neither slavery or servitude shall ever exist in any part of [the] territory.” • Sectionalism – favoring your region over the interests of the country • Free-Soil Party – anti-slavery party, supported the Wilmot Proviso California – free or slave ? • Most wanted to enter as free – Would destroy the balance of power – The South said no Contention in the Senate • Senator William Seward – California should enter “without compromise” • Senator John C. Calhoun – A free California would destroy balance Wanted slave states be allowed to peacefully secede from the union (1850) Compromise of 1850 1) California enters as free 2) The Mexican Cession, divides into Utah & New Mexico; popular sovereignty (people decide) 3) Texas gives up land east of the Rio Grand; the government helps pay war debts 4) Outlaws the slave trade in the District of Columbia (nation’s capitol) 5) passes a new fugitive slave law Fugitive Slave Act • Made it a crime to help runaway slaves – six months in jail and $1,000 • Slaves could be arrested in free areas • The fate of suspected fugitives to be decided by commissioners – Reject a claim $5.00 – Return a slave $10.00 • http://video.pbs.org/video/2185956008/ Reaction • Thousands of northern African Americans fled to Canada in fear • In 10 years, and 343 fugitive slave cases – only 11 were declared free How it Affects the north • Disliked the idea of trial without a jury • Disapproved of higher fees for returning slaves • Were horrified that free African Americans were captured and sent to the South Anthony Burns • A fugitive slave from Virginia • Arrested in Boston • Abolitionists killed a deputy marshal trying to rescue him • Burns was ordered returned to Virginia • People in the North were outraged • More Northerners joined the abolitionist cause Anti-slavery Literature • Written by abolitionists – To gain sympathy for their cause – To educate people about hardships slaves faced Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Angered by the Fugitive Slave Act • Wanted to inform Northerners about the realities of slavery What Was It About? Tom, is taken from his wife and sold “down the river” in Louisiana. He becomes the slave of cruel Simon Legree. In a rage, Legree has Tom beaten to death. Reaction to the Book • 2 million copies sold in the U.S. • Electrified the North – “created two millions of abolitionists” • Outraged the South – questioned the “foul imagination which could invent such scenes” • In a meeting with Abraham Lincoln, he called Stowe “the little lady who made this big war” Trouble in Kansas Election of 1852 • Franklin Pierce – Democratic National Party • Little known • Promised to honor the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act – Pierce won by a large margin • Winfield Scott – Whig Party – Mexican War hero – Did not fully support the Fugitive Slave Act Railroad to the West Coast • Stephen Douglas – favored a line running from Chicago • Southerners – favored a line running from New Orleans • Compromise – South allowed a line from Chicago in return for the territory west of Missouri to be open to slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act • Proposed by Stephen Douglas • Divided the Louisiana Purchase into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska – Slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty Kansas Divided • Anti-slavery and pro-slavery groups rushed supporters to Kansas • Elections held in March 1855 • Almost 5,000 pro-slavery voters from Missouri crossed the border, voted in Kansas, then returned home Pro-slavery • Won the election – Passed strict laws • Made it a crime to question slaveholders’ rights • Said if you help a fugitive slave you could be fined or put to death Anti-slavery • formed their own government – President Pierce would not recognize it Opposing Governments • A congressional committee arrived in Kansas – Declared the election unfair • The federal government disagreed Fighting breaks out • Lawrence • Pottawatomie Bleeding Kansas • A pro-slavery jury charged antislavery leaders with treason • A posse rode to Lawrence to arrest them, but the leaders had fled • The angry posse set fires, looted buildings, and destroyed news presses The sack of Lawrence John Brown • An abolitionist from New England • The Sack of Lawrence made him determined to “fight fire with fire” and “strike terror in the hearts of the pro-slavery people.” • Brown and his men dragged five proslavery men out of their cabins at Pottawatomie Creek and killed them • He declared his actions had been ordered by God Pottawatomie Massacre Civil War in Kansas In the end over 200 people were killed September 1856, a new territorial governor arrived and restored order Congress reaction • Charles Sumner – Senator from Massachusetts – Criticized proslavery people in Kansas – Insulted Senator Andrew Pickens Butler from South Carolina • Preston Brooks – Representative – Butler’s nephew – Responded strongly Brooks attacked Sumner • He used a walking • The South cane to beat Sumner responded by unconscious in the sending Brook new Senate chambers canes result • Northerners were outraged • Brooks only had to pay a $300 fine to the federal court • It was 3 years before Sumner was well enough to return to the Senate A New Political Party Forms • The Kansas-Nebraska Act brought slavery back into the spotlight • Some Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, and abolitionists, united against the spread of slavery in the West, formed a new party The Republican Party Election 1856 • American (KnowNothing) Party – Millard Fillmore – Strict enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act • Republicans – John C. Fremont – Against the spread of slavery • Democrats – James Buchanan – Overseas during the debate of the KansasNebraska Act Dred Scott Decision • A slave of Dr. John Emerson who lived in Missouri • Emerson took Scott to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory • They returned to Missouri and Emerson died • Scott became the slave of Emerson’s widow, who gave him to their son • After 10 years Scott sued for his freedom in Missouri’s state court – He argued he became free when he lived in free territory – A lower court ruled in his favor – The Missouri Supreme Court overruled – 11 years later it reached the Supreme Court Supreme Court Ruling • Written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney – From a slaveholding family in Maryland - Negroes were not citizens of the United States and had no right to bring suit in a federal court. - Dred Scott had not become a free man as a result of his residence at Fort Snelling because the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional; Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the federal territories. - Dred Scott did not become free based on residence at Fort Armstrong because his status, upon return to Missouri, depended upon Missouri law, - Dred Scott was not free under either the provisions of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 or the 1820 Missouri Compromise, he was still a slave, not a citizen with the right to bring suit in the federal court system. - According to Taney’s opinion, African Americans were “beings of an inferior order, so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” The decision 1) African Americans, slave or free, are not citizens under the U.S. Constitution – Dred Scott did not have the right to file suit 2) Scott’s residence on free soil did not make him free – “his status depended on the laws of Missouri” 3) The Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional – The Fifth Amendment - no one can “be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law” • Slaves were considered property Reaction • The South cheered – “It covers every question regarding slavery and settles it in favor of the South” • The North was stunned – The nations highest court had ruled that Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in the federal territories Abraham Lincoln • An Illinois lawyer “We shall lie down pleasantly dreaming that the people of Missouri are on the verge of making their state free; and we shall awake to the reality, instead, that the Supreme Court has made Illinois a slave state.” The Lincoln Douglas Debates of 1858 Why Debate: To promote their candidacy for the Senate The issue: the spread of slavery in the West Lincoln – African Americans are “entitled to all the natural rights” – Did not believe African Americans were social or political equals – The nation cannot remain “half slave and half free.” • Douglas – Criticized Lincolns statement – Said it would lead to warfare between North and South Lincoln: What about the contradiction between popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott decision Douglas: It didn’t matter what the Supreme Court decided, nothing can last without support by local police. Freeport Doctrine: The idea that the police would enforce the voters decision if it contradicted the Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott Case. 2nd Debate The Nation Divides • John Brown wanted to start an uprising – His plan: • Get funding from abolitionists • Attack the federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia • Seize weapons • Arm local slaves • Kill or take hostage white southerners who stood in his way • After two years his army had about 20 men Harper’s Ferry • October, 1859 – John Brown took over the federal arsenal • Then sent men to get slave to join him • The slaves would not come –Feared punishment – Local white southerners attacked Brown • 8 of Brown’s men and 3 of the locals were killed • Brown retreated to a firehouse Brown was captured convicted of treason and hung reaction to Harper’s Ferry • North – Mourned his death – Criticized his actions • South – Felt threatened by his actions – Were convinced that, for the safety of the South, they should leave the Union • http://www.history.com/topics/bleedingkansas/videos#john-browns-raid LincoLn’s response • Brown “agreed with us in thinking slavery wrong” but “that cannot excuse violence, bloodshed, and treason.” A New Party Emerges • Constitutional Union Party – Recognized “no political principles other than the Constitution of the country, the Union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws.” – For the Constitution, the Union, and the Law Election of 1860 The Candidates • Democrats were split – North: • Stephen Douglas – South: • John C. Breckinridge • Constitutional Party – John Bell • Republican – Abraham Lincoln candidate’s stand • Douglas – supported popular sovereignty • Breckinridge – supported slavery in the territories • Bell – was a slave owner, but opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Lincoln – against the spread of slavery, but promised not to abolish it where it was Results • Douglas, Breckinridge, and Bell – Knew they might not win – Wanted to win enough electoral votes to prevent Lincoln from winning • Lincoln won 40% of popular votes – All in free states • Douglas won one state • Breckinridge and Bell split the slave states Lincoln Wins • Since the Democrats could not agree on a single candidate their two candidates split the vote. • The South was angry – Lincoln did not win one southern state – A signal that the South was losing its national political power Reaction in the South • Lincoln insisted: – he would not change slavery in the South – but slavery could not expand – Slavery would eventually die out • The South was angry – Thy believed their economy and way of life would be destroyed without slave labor The South • South Carolina called for a special convention – They considered secession – Believed they had the right to leave – They had voluntarily joined by ratification, they could leave the same way • John Crittenden proposed constitutional amendments that would protect slavery • Guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states • Proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line to the west – slavery prohibited north, guaranteed south – He hoped to avoid secession and a civil war – His proposals were rejected • President Buchanan – The Union is not “a mere voluntary association of States, to be dissolved at pleasure by any one of the contracting parties.” • President elect Lincoln – “No State, upon its own mere motion, can lawfully get out of the union.” – “They can only do so against [the] law, and by revolution.” Confederate states of America • South Carolina elected seceded on December 20, 1860 • Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed • Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederacy LincoLn’s reaction He believed citizens could change the government, but states could not leave the Union He announced that he would keep all government property in the seceding states He tried to convince southerners that his government would not provoke war He hoped that southern states would return to the Union Next up . . . Civil War Evaluation Ch. 15 Test