* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Class Discussions
Lost Cause of the Confederacy wikipedia , lookup
Baltimore riot of 1861 wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Reconstruction era wikipedia , lookup
Origins of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Jubal Early wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Unit 5 A Nation Divided and Rebuilt Think of a time when you had a disagreement with a friend How were you able to resolve the dispute? Did you need to ask other people to help find a solution? (parents – friends – teacher?) Did one of you have to change your position – make accommodations to the other person – make a compromise between the two of you? When you were young… you were told the Civil War was fought over slavery But there's much more to it than just that. Slavery States rights Power in Congress New Territories Money / Industry / Trade Politics Remember The South Was mostly pro-slavery – for it / on the side of it Had fertile soil and a warm climate. This made it an ideal place to grow cotton, tobacco, etc… To grow these, you needed a large, cheap labor force. The North Was mostly antislavery – against it Industry and trade drove economics. Immigrants were a cheap source of labor for mills and factories. The issue of slavery did cause a lot of tension between the North and South Abolitionists (N&S) believed slavery was immoral. Some Northern workers thought it was an economic threat to them – it might take away business. Some were afraid they might someday have to take slave type jobs themselves. But even the people who were against slavery would probably be called racist today. Many whites refused to go to school with, work with, or live near African Americans. Southerners just said that white people were superior to black people. They also said they were helping them to become good Christians. They also said… well… we’re providing these people with food, clothing, and shelter. By 1848… the country had to decide what to do about slavery in the new Mexican lands. The big change came with California trying to be admitted as a free state. This could be the start of a big move to have more free states than slave states. So a compromise was made in 1850 – (The Compromise of 1850) California was a new state (free) and the slave trade would be abolished in Washington D.C. There would be no new slavery laws in the new Mexican lands - and there would be a new law that said runaway slaves could be recaptured. Both sides agreed to the plan, but also felt they each had to give in too much to the other side From the Compromise of 1850 came the “Fugitive Slave Act” Any runaway slave could be recaptured and taken back. There were fines and punishments for people who wouldn’t help. A “commissioner” (judge) would decide runaways fates, but… The commissioner got $5 for letting them go and $10 if they were returned to slavery. There are 4 major events that historians feel were immediate causes leading to the Civil War A book: “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” “The Sumner – Brooks Affair” The Dred Scott Decision John Browns Raid One woman who was upset about the whole idea of slavery wrote a book Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”. about a slave named “Uncle Tom” and how badly he was treated. Northerners: used this as their main source of knowledge about slavery. Southerners felt it made them look brutal. The thing was – Stowe had never been to the South – the book was “fictional.” Nebraska was ready to become a new state, but again… Should it be a slave state or a free state? (they made it 2 separate states) From this came: The Kansas – Nebraska Act There ended up being a lot of violence in Kansas It was even called “Bleeding Kansas” It was a place where they were going to have the residents vote on whether they wanted slavery or not – so both sides had extra voters come in. John Brown is famous for leading an attack on some of his pro-slavery neighbors (in Kansas) He even murdered 5 of them. Violence even spread to Congress (The Sumner Brooks Affair) During an argument in 1856, Senator Preston Brooks (South Carolina – 37 years old) beat Senator Charles Sumner (Massachusetts – 45 years old and with a bad hip) with his walking cane in the hall of the Senate for a speech Sumner had made three days before. Brooks hit Sumner repeatedly; Sumner was trapped by his desk, and was unable to get up or avoid the blows. Brooks continued to beat Sumner even as he lay unconscious on the floor of the Senate until his cane broke. Sumner was unable to return to duty for more than three years while he recovered Section 3: Slavery Dominates Politics Section 4: Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession There used to be a political party called “The Whigs” After the Kansas – Nebraska Act, the Northern and Southern Whigs couldn’t compromise and split into 2 groups. Some joined the Democrats. Others started their own political party – called the Republicans Another of those problems that helped cause the Civil War was what to do with… Dred Scott The Dred Scott Decision (A famous court case – 1847) His case was based on the fact that Dred Scott – a slave - and his wife Harriet had once lived, while slaves, in states and territories where slavery was illegal, including Illinois and parts of the Louisiana Purchase. The court ruled 7 to 2 against Scott, stating that slaves were property, and the court could not deprive people of their property without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment. There was also a series of political debates between Stephen A. Douglas… And Abraham Lincoln. Both were running for a state Senator position in Illinois. Even though he lost, it’s the first time the country began to hear Lincoln’s ideas and views about slavery. The last of those 4 “sparks” to ignite the Civil War John Brown’s Raid One of the first white abolitionists to advocate, and to practice, guerrilla warfare as a means to the abolition of slavery. Brown's most famous deed was the raid he led on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown had been considering an invasion of the South, and began to collect arms and men for that purpose in 1857. His idea seems to have been to raid the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), and then encourage slaves to rebel John Brown was caught, tried, and hanged. He’s seen as a martyr in the anti-slavery movement. In this famous painting he’s even shown as a “Moses” type leader In the election for president (1860): Candidates: Lincoln and Stephen Douglas competed for votes in the North. John Breckenridge and John Bell competed for votes in the South. (You know who won) The South had said all along that if Lincoln won, they would secede from the Union (north) Quit and leave South Carolina was first, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. These states formed the Confederate (southern) States of America and chose Jefferson Davis as their president The North had to do something There was an attempt at compromise – which didn’t work. It was clear the South had no intention to either abolish slavery, or rejoin the Union. Lincoln didn’t want to invade the South – and tried to appeal to them to change their minds. Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins Section 1: War Erupts Even though both sides wanted to avoid a fight – they couldn’t One of the things the Confederacy did was to take over government places – like post offices, banks, forts, newspapers, etc… One of the forts the South hadn’t taken over was: Fort Sumter – an island fort off South Carolina Fort Sumter was still held by the Union, but they were running low on supplies. Abraham Lincoln decided to send them the supplies they needed. On the way, the supply ships were attacked. The South then began to attack the fort – and the Civil War had begun The 2 sides sign up for The North Lincoln tried to get 75,000 men to enlist in the militia (to put down the uprising). The Civil War is the reason we have a Virginia and a West Virginia. People west of the mountains didn’t have slaves. People east of the Appalachians did. The South More and more states decided to break away. Getting Virginia was big for the South (a wealthy state with a lot of people). Convinced Robert E. Lee to resign from the Union army and he became the commanding general of the South. Northern Advantages Had a lot more people 22 million to 9 million (3.5 million slaves). Had a lot more railroads. Had most of the ships and the naval power. Had most of the nation’s factories. Fighting to uphold the constitution. Had a strong political leader (Lincoln). Had a stronger government. Fighting to “preserve the Union.” The North’s Plan: The Anaconda Plan – to slowly squeeze the south (militarily and economically). Sometimes the Civil War is also called “a war of attrition” Southern Advantages Fighting for a cause. Didn’t need as many soldiers to defend as they would have needed to attack – fighting a defensive war. Knew their own land better. Had better military leaders who knew more about war strategy. Could ride and shoot better (more northerners lived in cities). Used the American Revolution as an example that the stronger side doesn’t always win (and as an example that it was OK to go to war to break away from a country). The South thought that could maybe get some help from France and/or Britain… who they thought depended on Southern cotton for their textile mills. But they decided to stay out of it. At first the South was going to fight a defensive war, but soon decided to take the offensive (go after the other side /attack) One of the first battles: The Battle of Bull Run (or… Manassas) Close to Washington D.C. Some people even came to watch (sat up on a hill) Some of the men not fighting came by and did “play by play” for the people. This battle made people in Washington realize the war was going to take a long time Manassas was so close to Washington D.C. that many people came out from the city to watch the battle. They came on horseback or in carriages, to watch the battle as if it were a play. The onlookers included several senators and congressmen. When Union troops began to retreat and Confederate artillery shells came closer, the spectators suddenly realized that war was dangerous. They joined the withdrawing soldiers, adding greatly to the general confusion as the retreat became a rout. Section 2: Life in the Army Section 3: No End in Sight The Soldiers: Both sides Most were between 18-30 years old (but some very old and some very young). About half of all soldiers had been farmers – and most of them had never been very far from home. Most were American by birth, but there were some immigrant soldiers. Even from the beginning African Americans wanted to fight – but didn’t get to until later (in the North). Most were volunteers – many of whom wanted to get off their farms and look for some “adventure.” Some signed up for the money they’d make as a soldier. 2 million men soldiers fought for the North. 1 million soldiers fought for the South. Life as a soldier was unpleasant Most soldiers lived in heavy tents – in all weather. Drill, drill, drill, drill, drill, drill, drill…. “Extra” time? Cut wood, clean up camp, check guns and equipment, dig latrines…. But, they got a uniform (usually either blue or grey) Sometimes it might even fit. Clothes were not as comfortable in the 1860’s as they are today. Shoes were sometimes scarce. After battles, soldiers would go through the bodies and look for shoes/clothes they could use. At first, food was not an issue But, later in the war, as more farms were destroyed, there might not be as much food - or supply lines cut off. Soldiers need to be fed (drilling, fighting, working ADL). Even still, it was army food and you can probably guess what that’s like. Again – just like the miners… If it’s only men (and a lot of them) – who have little hope of any “companionship” for any reason, they might not always be living very nicely. Weeks without bathing or washing their clothes. Bodies, clothing, and bedding often had lice an fleas. And they didn’t understand about diseases (they come from germs you know) They didn’t have that figured out. Their was a lot of widespread sickness. Most soldiers had chronic “intestinal disorders.” Doctors would not wash their hands. Instruments would be used over and over again (without being cleaned). The same bandages might be used over and over. Next slide: you may not want to look at… During the civil war, new technology also affected the fighting The were new kinds of muskets, bullets, and cannonballs. And they decided to start using iron on their ships (called “ironclads”) There were a lot of famous battles The Southern general in charge: Robert E Lee The Northern General in charge: many… Lincoln was not too happy with most of the union generals, and he kept replacing them with new generals. One of the better Union generals was Ulysses S. Grant Another famous Union general: George McClellan – but he “drilled” too much and didn’t actually fight enough. The Fall of New Orleans… …is a famous battle because when the Union won their, it split the South into 2 parts. Antietam is another. It was the “bloodiest battle of the Civil War.” 25,000 men dead or wounded. Neither side really was victorious, but the South lost a lot of soldiers Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns Section 1: The Emancipation Proclamation Section 2: War Affects Society During the Civil War there were many people that insisted Lincoln simply needed to free the slaves. But it wasn’t that simple. There were still 4 slave states in the Union (on the North’s side) and he didn’t want to lose them to the Confederacy. He knew there were many Northerners who opposed complete emancipation for slaves. By 1862 though he decided he had to do it. freedom On January 1st, 1863 Lincoln issued: the Emancipation Proclamation This had a huge impact on the public, but… It didn’t really free too many slaves. And it didn’t free any slaves in the border states. It was more symbolic than anything. It wasn’t like people in the South (who considered themselves an independent country) would follow the laws and rules of someone they weren’t a part of anymore. Slaves in the South were still slaves in the South. African-American soldiers Those willing to fight “will be received into the armed service of the United States.” Before the Emancipation Proclamation: joining was discouraged. After: African Americans rushed to join the army. By the wars end: 180,000 Union African American soldiers But it wasn’t all great for them They were usually given the worst jobs and were often paid less than white soldiers. Many would even fight for no pay rather than be paid less than an all white regiment. If caught in battle, were often shot, or taken back to the South and made a slave Maybe one of the most famous African American Regiments: The 54th Massachusetts One of the 1st African American regiments in the North. Best known in war for leading an attack on fort Wagner. The regiment is best known today from the movie “Glory.” Veterans of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry at the dedication of the memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the men of the 54th, May 31, 1897 Both sides had soldiers who were getting tired of the war and tired of all the sacrifices. In the South more than the North. Some protest riots even broke out in the South. Confederate soldiers began deserting. In the North those who didn’t like Lincoln were sometimes called “copperheads” – after the poisonous snake that often attacks without warning. Lincoln even had some people that protested against him arrested. Getting picked to fight: Both sides were running out of men, so they each had a draft (conscription)– that’s usually not too popular in any time. Most men were between 18-30 years old (some others too) Men who owned more than 20 slaves didn’t have to fight. You could also hire a substitute if you had enough money ($6,000 in the South). The North would pay $300 to men who volunteered, so many did that to get the money they wouldn’t get if they were drafted. The war caused a lot of economic problems (in the South even more than the North) Food shortages were common – many farmers were fighting and many train lines were destroyed. Soldiers need to eat. Inflation got to be a big problem. (When prices rise a lot faster than money supply) Inflation: when products / services increase in value very quickly – faster than the money supply. Average 1861 family food bill in the South: $6.65 a month. Average 1863 family food bill in the South: $68.00 a month. 9,000% inflation rate in the South from the start to the end of the war (90 times higher). They even started to charge people an income tax for the first time Paying the government a percentage of what you make each year Women helped any way they could during the war Plowed fields and ran farms / plantations. Took jobs in offices and factories when men left to fight. Washed clothes, gathered supplies, cooked food for soldiers. Nursing began to be something women would do – before then it was only a man’s job. Some were even spies (Belle Boyd and a woman named Harriet Tubman) And the soldiers who were captured and put in prison camps had it REAL bad As many as ¼ might die each year (sickness and cold). The worst in the south was at Andersonville: Had 33,000 men (built for 10,000) Had little shelter from heat or cold – most slept in holes scratched in the dirt. Drinking water came from the creek (also used as a sewer). As many as 100 men died each day About 50,000 men died while in prison camps. Section 3: The North Wins Section 4: The Legacy of the War There were hundreds of small battles in the Civil War – and several more famous ones Fort Sumter Bull Run New Orleans Antietam Fredericksburg Chancellorsville Vicksburg Gettysburg Chattanooga Atlanta All Civil War Battles Famous Civil War Battles General Civil War information Gettysburg is the one many people think of 1st Gettysburg happened about half way through the war. The first half: the South was a little ahead. At Gettysburg the North rallied, won the battle, and started to take a little more control over the Confederates. The fighting at Gettysburg Lasted for 3 days. 90,000 Union troops against 75,000 Confederate troops. The Union was trying to hold some ground (Cemetery Ridge) and the South kept trying to take it from them. There was very intense fighting from both sides. On July 3rd (the 3rd day) Confederate General George Picket decided to directly attack the middle of the Union line. 13,000 Rebel troops charged up the ridge into enemy fire. It was a terrible tactical mistake – the South’s men were torn apart. The North actually had a chance to “finish them off”, but Lincoln’s generals let them retreat. One third of general Lee’s army was dead or wounded. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate - we cannot hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. One of the more devastating attacks came with General Sherman’s / “march to the sea” Sherman (Union) started his men on a march from Atlanta – to “deal with” anything they came up against in Georgia. His men went from Atlanta all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. On the way they destroyed everything in their path – rail lines, crops, livestock, looted and burned towns. This really angered and destroyed morale in the South After some other battles, the Confederates felt they had no other choice – than to surrender On April 9th, 1865, General Lee (S) and General Grant (N) met at Appomattox Court House (in Virginia) to arrange the surrender. Grant and the North were very kind to the Confederates. They got to go home in peace. They got to take their private possessions (and horses) with them. The hungry soldiers got food. Most of them walked home. When the Civil War was over 3,000,000 men had fought on both sides (about 1/10 Americans) 620,000 soldiers had died. 535,000 soldiers had been wounded. A LOT of money had been spent (in 5 years - 5 times the amount of money the country had spent in its entire history) The 13th Amendment was passed (banned slavery in the United States) 5 days later… Abraham Lincoln went to watch a play with his wife Lincoln was feeling pretty good about everything – he even thought he’d relax a little bit. And he thought he’d go watch a play – just about 6 - 8 blocks from the White House. A man named John Wilkes Booth stopped by… And… you know… the rest of the story Consequences of the Civil War People started to talk about the United States as one big country (not sections of America). The federal government grew larger and more powerful. Northern industries continued to grow (they hadn’t been ruined by the war). In the South: Farms and plantations were destroyed. 40% of the livestock were destroyed. 50% of farm machinery was destroyed. Factories were demolished. Railroad tracks had been torn apart. The South’s economic system was torn apart (no more slaves). What should they do with 4 million newly freed people? At this point in history – we finally start to see photographs of events And not paintings or drawings anymore. Photography had been invented. But… still very basic – for example people had to be very still or the picture would be blurry. Matthew Brady is generally accepted as the best / most famous of the Civil War photographers Chapter 18: Reconstruction Section 1: Rebuilding the Union Right after the Civil War is over the job of rebuilding the country begins This time period is called: Reconstruction (rebuilding) (Both physical and political reconstruction) One of the groups which helped the most was a government group called: The Freedmen's Bureau Set up schools and hospitals for African Americans. Distributed clothes, food, and fuel throughout the South Lincoln had a plan to try and unite the North and South, but when he was assassinated, the job went to Andrew Johnson Johnson was even a former slaveholder. He was more stubborn and not as well respected as Lincoln. But in his plan he did offer amnesty to white Southerners – if hey would promise to be loyal to the United States. (An official pardon or freedom) A lot of people in the South just didn’t deal well with… Having to again be told what to do by Northern States. They felt like these Northern states might try and overpower and destroy the South when they got back together. Having to accept African Americans as free. Some even passed “black codes”. These were laws that limited the rights of exslaves (like anyone without written proof of work could be put to work on a plantation, or they were forbidden to meet in groups – or carry guns). There were some groups who weren’t thought too well of after the Civil War. Two of those are: Scalawags was just another name for poor white farmers who were seen as lowlifes, scoundrels, rats, and those kinds of people. Carpetbaggers Were White Northerners who rushed to the South after the war and tried to get rich or get political power Congress did try and pass a bill promoting civil rights These are rights all people should have “regardless of race, color or creed” And President Jonson vetoed it. It did pass when it went back to congress (2/3 vote) And, Congress did pass the 14th Amendment All people born in the United States are citizens and have the same rights. A delegate: is someone who’s named a representative (28) But there were some “control issues” between President Johnson and Congress President Johnson fired his Secretary of War. He wasn’t supposed to be able to do that without the approval of Congress. Congress decided to impeach him. Means: to accuse of wrongdoing – not convict (it means there’s going to be an investigation) (Only one other president has ever been impeached) Chapter 18: Reconstruction Section 2: Reconstruction and Daily Life Section 3: End of Reconstruction One of the first things many did was to try and find a way to get an education (read and write) But there will still some Southerners who tried to prevent this by burning down schools and threatening/killing teachers of African Americans. Most of all people wanted to own land There was even a thought to try and give each ex-slave 40 acres of land (and a mule). That plan didn’t work out. Since most ex-slaves didn’t have their own property, many only had one place to go: Back to their old plantation. They knew the people in the area – and there were farms their just sitting empty (without anyone to work them). They did work for money this time (even though it wasn’t much). Many Southerners ended up living under a system called sharecropping African Americans needed a place to live and work. Plantation owners needed people to work their farms. Ex-slaves would work the farms and instead of paying rent, would give the owner a share of the crop they grew. They’d even live in the “homes” of the ex-slaves. These workers never ended up getting ahead. There were specific groups which used terror and violence to keep African Americans and their supporters “in their place” The Ku Klux Klan is the most famous and long lasting. Others: The Knights of the Rising Sun, The White Line, and many without historical names. Eventually, when General Grant was elected, he did some things to slow that down, but it never stopped – and later on even got a lot worse for a while. In 1868 General Grant became President There were worries that Southern states might try to keep African Americans from voting. So, the 15th Amendment was passed – and everyone could now vote. Wait – everyone? Not women yet – and they were mad that ex-slaves could now vote on decisions that affected them So here are some slaves before the civil War and before Reconstruction And here are some ex-slaves and sharecroppers The nation Did rebuild and re-unite. Did not yet have true equality for African Americans – most still lived in poverty and didn’t participate too much in politics. African Americans still faced widespread violence and prejudice. But there were positives African Americans made lasting gains. Protection of civil rights became part of the Constitution. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed. Black schools and churches were built. The first steps towards equality were taken.