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Chapter 11 Section 1
The Civil War Begins
The secession of Southern states cause the North
and South to take up arms.
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Lincoln’s journey from IL to D.C.
Lincoln left his home in Springfield, IL in February of 1861, telling the townspeople who gathered to see him
off that he didn’t know when or if he’d ever return. The last stage of his journey, Washington D.C., was in
slave territory. In Harrisburg, PA, Lincoln received word that an assassination plot was afoot and that he
would be killed if he passed through Baltimore, MD the following day. So Lincoln bypassed Baltimore and
went straight to D.C., disguised by wearing a felt hat in place of his usual top hat. This action created an
undignified and cowardly picture of Lincoln to his enemies, who in political cartoons, depicted him sneaking
into Washington disguised in a Scottish plaid costume.
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The Civil War Begins
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
• Confederate soldiers take over government and military
instillations in the South; 7 states have seceded
• Fort Sumter in the Charleston, SC harbor remains in
Union control
• 2/61: Confeds demand control of the fort, or threaten
attack
• Fort supplies and food will last only 6 weeks
Lincoln’s Dilemma
• Reinforcing the fort by force would be an act of war,
may encourage VA to secede and Britain to help South
• Evacuating the fort would show weakness, anger
Repubs, and endanger the Union
Continued . . .
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The Fall of Fort Sumter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9p7V7GrHjE
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The Civil War Begins
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
First Shots
• Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends
food
• For South, no action would damage legitimacy of the
Confederacy
• Jefferson Davis chooses to turn a peaceful secession
into war; fires on Fort 4/12/61
Virginia Secedes
• Fall of Fort Sumter unites the North; volunteers rush
to enlist
• VA unwilling to fight against the South; secedes from
the Union; anti-slavery western counties secede from
VA (West VA)
• AK, TN, NC secede; border states (MD, DE, KY,
MO) remain neutral
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American Expect a Short War
Union and Confederate Strategies
• Union advantages: # of soldiers, industry, food,
railroads
• Confed advantages: cotton profits, generals,
motivation, home-court
• Anaconda Plan: 3-pronged Union strategy to win
the war
1) blockade Southern ports
2) divide Confederacy in two in the west
3) capture Richmond, VA (Confed capital)
• Confederate strategy: play defense, invade the
North if the opportunity arises
Bull Run
• First large-scale battle, near D.C.; Confeds win
• General Thomas J. Jackson nicknamed Stonewall
Jackson for standing firm in battle
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The Anaconda Plan
The strategy was devised to weaken the south without invading it. It was nicknamed
the Anaconda Plan because it would strangle the Confederacy the way the anaconda
snake constricts its victim. Lincoln had doubts about the plan, and rather than wait for
a slow strangulation of the Confederacy to occur, he chose to do battle with the
Confederacy in ground campaigns. Yet elements of the Anaconda Plan, such as the
naval blockade, did become a reality.
Battle of Bull Run
General Barnard Bee, trying to rally the men on the Confederate side
shouted, “Look, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Rally behind
him”. Bee was killed a little while later. From that day on, Thomas
Jackson was known as Stonewall Jackson.
http://www.schooltube.com/video/4842c4add15e68e0bd72/
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Union Armies in the West
Protecting Washington, D.C.
• After Bull Run, Lincoln calls for 1 million additional soldiers
• Appoints General George McClellan to lead Army of the
Potomac
• Institutes the nation’s first income tax
Forts Henry and Donelson
• General Ulysses S. Grant—brave tough, decisive
commander in the west
• 2/62: Grant captures Confed Forts Henry, Donelson in TN
Shiloh
• 3/62: Confed troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh Church
in TN
• Grant counterattacks; Confeds retreat; 24,000 dead, wounded
• Shiloh lessons learned: this will be a long, bloody war;
Confeds are vulnerable in the west
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General Ulysses S. Grant
The great Union General’s name had originally been Hiram Ulysses, but when he entered West Point in
1839, he found his name had been recorded incorrectly. It was easier for Grant to accept the mistake than
for the army to correct its error. Grant had served in the MX War with distinction, but after the war he was
stationed at lonely posts in the West. There, the boredom and separation from his wife drove him to drink,
and to resign from the army. After that, he tried to be a farmer and a storekeeper, but failed at everything
he did…until the Civil War. Grant would go on to serve as President from 1869-1877 in a scandal-plagued
administration.
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A Revolution in Warfare Technology
The Ironclads
• Destroy wooden ships, repel cannon fire, resist burning
• 3/62: The North’s Monitor & the South’s Merrimack fight a
legendary duel to a draw
• The era of wooden ships in battle was over…development of early
submarines
New Weapons and Style of Fighting
• Rifles and minie balls, the Gatling gun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmoFVdxvARo
• Grenades, land mines, airballoons, ambulance corps, torpedoes
• Beginning of trench warfare
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The War for the Capitals
Richmond
• Lincoln and the North’s public mock General McClellan’s extreme
cautiousness/reluctance to fight
• On the way to Richmond, McClellan encounter’s General Robert
E . Lee’s forces
• McClellan retreats after losing the Seven Days’ Battles to Lee
Antietam
• Lee moves towards Washington D.C.
• Lee faces McClellan in the town of Antietam in MD
• Bloodiest battle in American history (26,000 dead)
• More than the War of 1812 and MX War combined
• Confeds lose ¼ of its army
• McClellan fails to pursue the damaged Confed. army that could
have ended the Civil War
• Lincoln fires McClellan
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Chapter 11 Section 2
The Politics of War
By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation,
President Lincoln made slavery the focus of the
war.
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General Ambrose Burnside
After Lincoln fired General McClellan, he turned to Ambrose Burnside to
lead the Union forces. Burnside cultivated a unique growth of facial hair
in a style that came to be known as “burnsides” in his honor. By a
reversal of syllables, it became known as “sideburns”.
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The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral
Economic Factors
• Britain no longer dependent on the South for cotton
• New sources of cotton in Egypt and India
• Northern wheat and corn just as impt. as cotton
The Trent Affair
• Confederates sent two diplomats to Britain to
gain support aboard the ship the Trent
• American warship stops the ship and arrests the
two men
• British threaten war against the Union
• Lincoln releases the men to avoid war
Continued . . .
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Proclaiming Emancipation
Lincoln’s View of Slavery
• Disliked slavery, but felt the fed gov’t didn’t have
power to abolish it in the existing slave states
• Believes the Civil War’s main objective is to save
the Union
• Lincoln evolves as the war goes on
• Ending slavery became a weapon of war
• Emancipation would discourage the strongly
anti-slavery Brits from helping Confeds
Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation: issued 1/1/63
• Only applies to areas behind Confederate lines
• Does not apply to Southern territory already
occupied by the Union, or to the border states
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Proclaiming Emancipation
Reactions to the Proclamation
• For the North, it gave the war a moral purpose
• Free blacks can now enlist in the army
• Northern Democrats believe it will prolong the war
by antagonizing the South
• Confederates outraged; more determined to win
Continued . . .
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Both Sides Face Political Problems
Northern Dissent
• In MD, Lincoln suspends habeas corpus: a court
order that requires authorities to bring a person held
in jail before the court to determine why they are
being jailed
• Arrest Copperheads: Northern Democrats who
advocated peace with the South
• Jefferson Davis denounces Lincoln’s actions, then
suspends habeas corpus himself
Conscription
• Both sides enact conscription: draft forcing service
• Both sides allow men to pay $300 for a substitute
• However, very few members of the army were
draftees (about 10% on both sides)
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Both Sides Face Political Problems
Draft Riots
• Summer 1863, New York City
• Poor white workers, especially Irish immigrants, protest
• Believe it’s unfair that they should have to fight a war to
free slaves who will compete with their jobs
• When they begin to be drafted, mobs rampage through
the city
• The rioters attack:
• Draft offices
• Police
• Republicans
• Anti-slavery leaders
• The rich
• African Americans
• Federal troops end the riots
• 100 dead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJ_OOKQVrU
Continued . . .
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Chapter 11 Section 3
Life During Wartime
The Civil War brought about dramatic social
and economic changes in American society.
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Life During Wartime
African Americans Fight For Freedom
African American Soldiers
• By war’s end, they would make up 10% of the Union army
• Still suffered discrimination; segregated units commanded
by white officers
• Earn less than white soldiers
• Many POWs were executed by Confeds on the spot
• Massacre at Fort Pillow in TN: 200 killed
Slave Resistance in the Confederacy
• Slaves seek freedom as Union army push into Confed. territory
• Slaves on plantations engage in sabotage
• Slave resistance gradually weakens plantation system
--By 1864, many Confeds realize that slavery is nearing the
end.
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The 54th Massachusetts
The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was the first military unit consisting of black soldiers to be
raised in the North during the Civil War. Col. Robert Gould Shaw, the 25 year old son of very wealthy abolitionist
parents, was chosen to command. On May 28, the well equipped and drilled 54th paraded through the streets of Boston
and then boarded ships bound for the coast of South Carolina on July 18 came the supreme test of the courage and valor
of the black soldiers; they were chosen to lead the assault on Fort Wagner, a Confederate fort on Morris Island at
Charleston. More than a century after the war the Fifty-fourth remains the most famous black regiment of the war, due
largely to the popularity of the movie "Glory", which recounts the story of the regiment prior to and including the attack
on Battery Wagner.
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The War Affects Regional Economies
Southern Economic Decline
• Southern food shortages
• Loss of men to the army
• Union occupation of farm areas
• Loss of slaves
• Food prices skyrocket
• Inflation and currency chaos
Northern Economic Growth
• Army need for war supplies leads to econ boom
• Women obtain gov’t jobs for the first time, but
earn less than men
• War profiteering, corruption rampant
• Contractors supply uniforms and blankets
made of “shoddy”: fibers made from rags
Continued . . .
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Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Lives on the Line
•
•
•
•
Poor living conditions, diet, medical care
Lack of garbage disposal and bathrooms
Disease (dysentery, typhoid, malaria) rampant
Barely edible food
Medicine
• United States Sanitary Commission formed to improve
hygiene
• Recruits and trains nurses
• 3000 serve for the Union
• Dorothea Dix becomes superintendent of woman nurses
• Clara Barton known as “angel of the battlefield” for caring
for the sick and wounded
Continued . . .
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Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Medicine
• Surgeons never sterilize instruments; effects of bacteria
unknown at the time
• Blood typing, X-rays, antibiotics non-existent
• Anesthetics were in its infancy
• Ether or chloroform
Continued . . .
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Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Prisons
• The worst Confederate camp was Andersonville, GA
• 33,000 men in overcrowded camp
• No shelter
• Drank from same stream that was their sewer
• 1/3 died
• Prison camps in the North only slightly better
• 15% of Union prisoners VS. 12% of Confed prisoners
died
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Chapter 11 Section 4
The North Takes Charge
Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg helped
the Union wear down the Confederacy.
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Stonewall Jackson shot by his own troops
When Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops on this day in
1863, his arm was amputated to save his life. His chaplain couldn’t bear
to see the general’s arm thrown on a pile of amputated limbs from the
Battle of Chancellorsville, so he gave the arm a Christian burial in a
private cemetery nearby.
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The North Takes Charge
1863: The War rages on
Gettysburg
• Lee decides to invade the North; pushes into PA
• Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) = the most decisive battle of
the war
• Union forces win 3 days of intense fighting
• Total casualties = 30%
--Union losses = 23,000 killed or wounded
--Confed losses = 28,000 killed or wounded
• Lee gives up hope of invading North; the Confederacy
would never recover
Vicksburg
• Grant continues western campaign
• Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA = the only two
holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of
the MS River
• Starving Confeds surrender both positions; the
Confederacy was finally cut in two
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Gettysburg Address
"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated
to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any
nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to
dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we
cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor
power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they
did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far
so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored
dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly
resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that
government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."
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The Confederacy Wears Down
Confederate Morale Down
• After Gettysburg and Vicksburg, people all over the
South begin to openly call for an end to war
• Soldiers begin to desert
• Confed gov’t ineffective; loose confederacy led to
disagreements
Grant Appoints Sherman
• 3/64: Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all
Union forces
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman
commander of western forces
• Both men believe in “total war”: fighting not only the
armies and gov’t, but also the citizens
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The Confederacy Wears Down
Grant vs. Lee…Sherman Marches to the Sea
• May-June 1864
- Grant loses 60,000 men
- Lee loses 30,000 men
- Union can replace them; Confeds cannot
• Sherman marches southeast through GA
• Creates a path of destruction (ie: total war)
• Burns every home/building in its path
• Burns Atlanta to the ground
• Sets out towards the coast
• Sherman’s troops turn North to meet up with Grant
• Behind were 25,000 slaves seeking freedom
Continued . . .
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Sherman’s March
...As night drew its sable curtains around us, the heavens from every point
were lit up with flames from burning buildings. Dinnerless and supperless
as we were, it was nothing in comparison with the fear of being driven out
homeless to the dreary woods. Nothing to eat!
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The Confederacy Wears Down
Surrender at Appomattox
• By March 1865, it’s clear the end of Confed. near
- Grant approaching Richmond, VA from west
- Sherman approaching Richmond from the south
- Union can replace them; Confeds cannot
• President Jefferson Davis and his gov’t leave the
capital
• Lee and Grant meet to arrange Confed surrender in
a courthouse in the VA village Appomattox
• April 9, 1865: the Civil War ends
Continued . . .
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Chapter 11 Section 5
The Legacy of the War
The Civil War settled long-standing disputes over
state’s rights and slavery. The War caused great
political, economic, technological, and social
change.
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The War Changes the Nation
Political Changes
• The Federal gov’t assumed supreme
authority/power
• No longer is secession ever discussed
• States’ rights weakened, but does not disappear
• Income tax, paper currency, conscription made the
federal gov’t directly involved in people’s lives
Economic Changes
• Industry increases; national railroad system built
• National Bank Act sets up a series of federal banks
• Northern industry increased; large-scale agriculture
begins
• The war destroyed southern slave-based economy
• Sherman’s march wiped out econ. potential for
decades
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The War Changes the Nation
Costs of the War
• Great human cost
- 360,000 Union soldiers vs. 275,000 Confed soldiers died
- 275,000 Union soldiers vs. 225,000 Confed soldiers wounded
- 2.4 million men served in the war…lives disrupted
• Union and Confeds spent $3.3 billion
• Twice what the gov’t spent the previous 80 years
• War debt and veterans’ pensions consume federal budget
for decades
Continued . . .
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The War Changes Lives
New Birth of Freedom
• Emancipation Proclamation had only freed slavery in
the states that seceded
• What about the border states where slavery
was still legal?
• 13th Amendment passed
•
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States”.
• http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/du89xz/thelast-amender
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The War Changes Lives
Assassination of Lincoln
• April 14, 1865: four days after Lee surrendered
• Lincoln and his wife went to Ford’s Theatre in Washington to
see a comedic play called Our American Cousin
• John Wilkes Booth (26 yr. old actor and Southern
sympathizer) shoots Lincoln in the back of the head and jumps
from the balcony to the stage
• Breaks his leg and shouts “Sic semper tyrannis” (Death to
Tyrants)… “The South has been avenged”.
• Booth escapes the theatre and is caught by Union troops in a
VA barn and shot.
• Lincoln’s funeral train travels for 14 days from D.C. to his
hometown in Springfield, IL…7 million view the funeral
procession
The Conspirator
Continued . . .
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