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The Eve of War Harper Dillard, Macy Beal, Stanley Shapiro and Mary Neal Election of 1860 ● Picture portraying that the election was like a baseball game that Lincoln was winning. Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Vice: Hannibal Hamlin Stephen A. Douglas (Democrat) Vice: Herschel Vespasian Johnson John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) Vice: Joseph Lane John Bell (Constitutional union) Vice: Edward Everett Election of 1860 ● Lincoln was only republican in election ● Slavery was the large debate in election ● Shattered the delicate balance between southern (slavery) and northern (free) states. ● Lincoln wasn’t even included in 9 of the southern states ballot. ● The Constitutional Union Party was a political party made up of men who wanted to avoid secession over the slavery issue. Election of 1860 ● There were several southern states where Lincoln received 0 votes ● 81% of eligible voters cast their vote in for the election of 1860 Electoral College and Votes ● The Electoral College was designed for ensuring the selection for a president who was most qualified, but wasn’t the most popular. ● Which ever candidate in a state gets the most votes, gets all the electoral votes from that state. ● The number of electoral votes a state gets is the same as the number of representatives in the House of Representatives ● Who ever gets the most electoral votes wins. Lincoln’s Electoral College ● He received the majority of northern states electoral votes. ● Lincoln received 180/303 votes. ● Won election with more than one half of electoral votes so he emerged as clear winner. Lincoln’s Platform ● Didn’t want slavery to expand into new territory ● Didn’t call for it to be abolished ● This didn’t really appeal to the south Douglas’s Platform ● Believed in popular sovereignty (wanted states to decide themselves if they wanted slavery) ● Most Northern Democrats supported him Breckenridge’s Platform ● Liked slavery and wanted slavery to expand into new territories ● Believed in the right of secession Bell’s Platform ● Wasn’t for or against slavery. He just wanted to keep the Union in tact. ● Bell had trouble getting votes from younger people because he was over a decade older than Lincoln John Bell ● Carried total of 3 states. ● Those 3 states were all near the border and soon became apart of the confederacy. So much for keeping the union together… Map of Votes Secession What is Secession? ● In the case of the South is when they separated politically. ● They declared themselves a separate country. ● They create a government completely separate from the North Map Of Secession Secession Dates State Date of Secession South Carolina December 20, 1860 Mississippi January 9, 1861 Florida January 10, 1861 Alabama January 11, 1861 Georgia January 19, 1861 Louisiana January 26, 1861 Texas February 1, 1861 Virginia April 17, 1861 Arkansas May 6, 1861 North Carolina May 20, 1861 Tennessee June 8, 1861 Strongest Believers of Secession ● The Strongest believers of secession were the states that produced the most cotton. ● This is because they felt their economy was most threatened by the Union ● The largest cotton producing states had the most to lose Secession ● After Lincoln was elected 7 states seceded ● When Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to fight after Fort Sumter 4 other states seceded ● When the South seceded they declared themselves a separate country. Reasons For Secession ● The South was afraid that Lincoln would abolish slavery. ● The South was worried that the central government was becoming too powerful ● The South wanted to keep states individual rights States’ Rights ● States’ rights were the struggle between the individual states and the government over power. Southern States felt that the government was getting too much power and was going to take away slavery. This was a cause of secession. Facts about Secession ● Lincoln is against secession because it is against the Constitution. ● When the South seceded they hoped that the North would leave them alone More on States Rights ● The main state right that the South wanted to keep was slavery. When the South felt that this right was in danger they seceded. How Lincoln Tried to Unify the Country ● In his speech Lincoln uses the word union whenever he describes America ● Lincoln never recognizes the Confederacy ● Speaks of having no blood shed or violence. because he still talks as if seven states have not already seceded. Fort Sumter . About the Fort ● A man-made island located in Charleston, South Carolina ● Owned by the federal government ● Then on December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded and controversy arose . ● The Governor of S.C., Francis Pickens, said he had an agreement with President Buchanan, that Major Robert Anderson and his men would stay at another fort ● The fort Anderson was supposed to stay at he believed was indefensible and requested authorization to go to another fort. ● Buchanan agreed and Anderson and his men moved into Fort Sumter on December 26, 1860 ● Gov. Pickens sent Col. J. Johnston Pettigrew to request Anderson to surrender ● Anderson refuses and Pettigrew sets up a battery unit on another island. ● Anderson requests backup from Buchanan ● So, he sends an unarmed merchant ship called The Star of the West. ● It did not arrive for it was forced to turn around and leave Anderson and men without their necessities ● Pettigrew asked Anderson to surrender ● Anderson refused ● Pettigrew established another battery unit March 1, 1861 ● Jefferson Davis placed Gen. Pierre Beauregard to Pettigrew’s assignment ● Beauregard strengthened defensesJefferson of Davis the harbor’s entrance and the battery units facing Fort Sumter ● Following Lincoln’s Inauguration, Anderson asked for more supplies and reinforcements like Naval Support . Lincoln’s Decision ● His Secretary of State and General Officer in Commanding suggested the men to evacuate the Fort ● That could ruin Lincoln’s reputation and possibly humiliate him ● Lincoln decided he needed to learn more April 6, 1861 ● Lincoln told Gov. Pickens that he was sending reinforcements in The Powhatan ● Then Leroy Pope Walker heard this ● Walker told Beauregard to demand Anderson to surrender the Fort ● If Anderson refused, which he did, Beauregard was to get his men and equipment to prepare for an attack on Fort Sumter as well as to prevent the reinforcements and supplies from landing at the Fort ● On the afternoon of April, 11, a last attempt was made to get Anderson to surrender the Fort ● Anderson once again refused due to an unanimous vote by Federal officers And the next day….. At 4:30am on April 12, 1861 ● The first shots of the Civil War were fired Some citizens citizens arrived in carriages with packed picnics and watched the battle Some slaves believed this was a chance to escape from slavery and could escape to the front lines later in what they hoped would become a war As Mary Chesnut said, “Not by one word or look can we detect any change in the demeanor of these Negro servants… profoundly indifferent. People talk of them as if they were chairs and tables. They make no sign. Are they solidly stupid? Or wiser than we are; silent and strong, biding their time?” Mary Chesnut’s Diary ● It was known the reinforcement ships would never make it past the Confederate defenses ● Anderson knew it was time to surrender ● Beauregard let the men back to New York As a result, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address Main Ideas in Lincoln’s Address ★ In the Reading Guide ● The idea of perpetuity ● Giving the states power to change the government ● That justice will always win ● The South seceding is unconstitutional ● Containing slavery to the South Lincoln's Job ● Lincoln’s job as president is to, "preserve, protect, and defend," the Constitution ● He believes his other job is to preserve the Union in perpetuity, meaning to prevent further secession and bring back states which had already seceded. PERPETUITY ● An important principle Lincoln sees in the Constitution is perpetuity ● Perpetuity means lasting forever or permanence ● Lincoln believes this is “implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments.” Meaning all governments are built to last forever More on Perpetuity ● “The mystic chords of memory, strengthening from every battle-field, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.” ● He means that if they fought together in the Revolutionary War, why would they fight against each other now? States’ Power ● Lincoln says that it is “In your hands,” to the seceded states, meaning it is their decision whether they want to use their existing rights under the Constitution or to start a civil war. ● “The government will not not assail you.” Justice Will Always Win ● Lincoln has confidence that things should work out the way he wants them to and he believes things will work out that way when he says, “justice, will surely prevail.” Lincoln’s Appeal ● Lincoln appeals to Free Soilers in his speech ● A Free Soiler is someone who wants to abolish slavery but for their own benefit. Slavery takes business away from their jobs. They want land only for paid, white workers. Lincoln’s Appeal (continued) ● This doesn’t appeal to abolitionists ● Abolitionists wants to end slavery ● Lincoln won’t interfere with “slavery in the States where it already exists” so he isn’t appealing to abolitionists Lincoln’s Appeal (continued) ● “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it already exists.” - Abraham Lincoln (First Inaugural Address) ● This was an appeal to slave states as well as to people against the expansion of slavery. Lincoln’s View on Slavery ● Lincoln believes that the rights of slave owners are clearly stated in the Constitution with the ⅗ Clause, Fugitive Slave Clause and more. ● For if there is a law concerning an institution, that proves the legitimacy of the institution. Thank you for watching