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EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS NARROW (THIS LESSON): HOW AND WHY DID THE UNION WIN THE CIVIL WAR? WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR, INCLUDING ON THE POWER OF THEN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND WHICH BRANCH WAS ON TOP BROAD: WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF U.S. NATIONALISM AND EXCEPTIONALISM? HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME A “SUPERPOWER”? THE HOME FRONTS AS OF 1863 THE SOUTH (CSA) ECONOMIC DEVASTATION: CONFEDERACY HAD DIFFICULTY PAYING FOR WAR – BLOCKADE ALMOST NO COTTON EXPORTS = ALMOST NO REVENUE; ALMOST NO IMPORTS = NO TARIFFS, AND SCARCITY INITIALLY, CONFEDERATES GOT WEAPONS AND MATERIEL FROM FEDERAL ARSENALS IN SOUTH – BUT WITH ALMOST NO FACTORIES, IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE NEW WEAPONS AND MATERIEL SOUTH ISSUED BONDS (DEBT) AND PAPER CURRENCY. BUT SOUTH HAD FEW ASSETS TO BACK THAT PAPER CURRENCY! PAPER CURRENCY + SCARCITY INFLATION INFLATION OF PRICES OF BASIC HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES, 1860-63 NOTE – THIS IS BEFORE SOUTH WAS INVADED BY NORTH. BY THE END OF THE WAR THE INFLATION RATE IN THE SOUTH WAS ≈ 9000% THE FOOD SHORTAGES ALSO AFFECTED THE CONFEDERATE ARMY THEY WOULD RAID FARMS, TAKE CROPS AND LIVESTOCK, MAKING THE SITUATION EVEN WORSE FOR CIVILIANS RECALL ALSO THAT SOUTH HAD MUCH SMALLER WHITE POPULATION AND MUCH HIGHER MORTALITY RATE IN WAR THAN NORTH -- SO SOUTH WAS RUNNING SHORT NOT ONLY OF WEAPONS AND MATERIEL, BUT ALSO, TROOPS SOUTH, POLITICAL PROBLEMS: JEFFERSON DAVIS WAS A POOR POLITICIAN, DIDN’T TRY TO RALLY PUBLIC SUPPORT EXAMPLE: RICHMOND BREAD RIOT 1863 – WOMAN RIOTED DEMANDING BREAD – DAVIS THREW THE MONEY IN HIS POCKET AT THEM AND THEN THREATENED TO SET THE ARMY ON THEM NEWSPAPER ILLUSTRATION OF THE RICHMOND BREAD RIOT STATES RIGHTS SINK THE SOUTH: THE CONFEDERACY HAD A LOT OF THE SAME PROBLEMS THE U.S. DID UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION! SOME GOVERNORS (RELYING ON STATES’ RIGHTS!) REFUSING TO SEND MILITIAS TO FIGHT IN CONFEDERATE ARMY. SOUTH INSTITUTED MILITARY DRAFT IN 1862 , BUT EXEMPTED CIVIL SERVANTS SOME GOVERNORS RESPONDED BY PUTTING ALL MEN OF PROPERTY ON CIVIL SERVICE ROLLS EFFORTS TO COLLECT TAXES (EXAMPLE, 10% TAX ON FARM PRODUCTS) ALSO THWARTED BY “STATE’S RIGHTS” -- IT’S ESTIMATED THAT ONLY 1% OF THE TAX WAS EVER COLLECTED EVEN BEFORE THE TIDE OF THE WAR TURNED, THE SOUTH WAS IN TROUBLE! THE NORTH (UNION) ECONOMICS: BOOM! MORRILL PROTECTIVE TARIFF, 1861 & RATES INCREASED ANNUALLY (BOTH TO RAISE REVENUE AND PROTECT INDUSTRIES) GREAT INCREASES IN FACTORIES WAR IS VERY GOOD FOR BUSINESS IF A GOVERNMENT CAN PAY FOR IT – CREATES MARKETS FOR UNIFORMS, FOODSTUFFS, WEAPONS, MATERIEL ETC. FOR TROOPS THE UNION COULD AFFORD TO PAY FOR THE WAR: RAISED OVER $2.6 BILLION IN BONDS (SOUTH, IN CONTRAST, RAISED ONLY $499 MILLION) WAR INDUSTRIES FIRST MILLIONAIRES IN U.S. NOT ALL HONEST – MANY CASES OF COMPANIES SELLING SUBSTANDARD GOODS (E.G. SHOES WITH CARDBOARD SOLES) TO MILITARY FOR TOP DOLLAR NORTH WAS ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TO PRODUCE MORE (AND FREE MORE MEN TO BE SOLDIERS) SEWING MACHINES (ELIAS HOWE & ISAAC SINGER) – WIDE USE IN NORTH DURING WAR MCCORMICK MECHANICAL REAPER (INVENTED © 1831) – ALLOWED MECHANICAL GRAIN (CORN & WHEAT) HARVEST – OVER 250,000 IN USE IN NORTH DURING WAR MCCORMICK REAPER MECHANICAL REAPER + MORE GRAIN LAND UNDER CULTIVATION ON GREAT PLAINS MORE THAN ENOUGH FOOD IN NORTH FOR MILITARY AND CIVILIANS GRAIN EXPORTS TO BRITAIN AND EUROPE SUPPLANTED “KING COTTON,” BROUGHT IN $$$$$$ INCOME TAX – IMPOSED BY ANNUAL REVENUE ACT BEGINNING 1861 (5% HIGHEST RATE) – UNCONSTITUTIONAL (BUT SUPREME COURT DIDN’T GET AROUND TO OVERTURNING IT UNTIL 1895) LEGAL TENDER ACT (1862) – AUTHORIZED PAPER CURRENCY “GREENBACKS” BACKED ONLY BY CREDIT OF U.S. (NOT SPECIE) – BUT U.S. HAD GOOD CREDIT, UNLIKE THE SOUTH NATIONAL BANK ACT (1862) – CREATED NATIONAL BANK SYSTEM - STANDARDIZED CURRENCY WAR SPENDING + PAPER CURRENCY IS INFLATIONARY (HARD ON WAGE-EARNERS) – INFLATION IN NORTH DURING WAR ROSE TO ≈ 80% (AS COMPARED TO SOUTH 9000%) ALL IN ALL, GOOD ECONOMY IN NORTH (SEE TABLES ON FOLLOWING SLIDES) TAX REVENUE, FEDERAL DEBT, UP AND UP GOVERNMENT SPENDING UP AND UP ECONOMY (GDP) UP AND UP! (AND SO IT USUALLY GOES DESPITE WHAT SOME POLITICIANS CLAIM NOW!) OTHER MAJOR FEDERAL LAWS, 1861-63 (IN ADDITION TO THE TAX, CURRENCY AND BANKING LAWS NOTED ABOVE) HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1861 – FREE LAND! ALLOWED PEOPLE TO CLAIM 160-ACRE “HOMESTEADS” ON UNDEVELOPED WESTERN LAND (SOUTH HAD BLOCKED THIS EARLIER BECAUSE IT WOULD LEAD TO MORE FREE STATES) MORRILL LAND GRANT ACT OF 1862 – GRANTED STATES FEDERAL LAND TO BUILD UNIVERSITIES ON (MOST ORIGINAL STATE UNIVERSITIES COLLEGES ARE LAND-GRANT U’S, INCLUDING U OF FLORIDA) (JOHN Q. ADAMS MUST HAVE SMILED FROM HEAVEN!) PACIFIC RAILWAY ACT – GRANTED FEDERAL LAND (“RIGHT-OFWAY”) TO UNION PACIFIC RR. AND CENTRAL PACIFIC RR. TO BUILD TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD JUSTIN MORRILL, R., VT. – HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 18531866, SENATE 1867 – 1898 HIS TARIFF WAS A CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR HIS LAND-GRANT BILL LED TO CREATION OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN THE U.S. POLITICS IN THE NORTH “KING ABRAHAM” – LINCOLN INTERPRETED HIS WARTIME POWERS AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF VERY BROADLY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES VERY NARROWLY (HE SAID IT WAS A “TEMPORARY” NECESSITY). AMONG OTHER THINGS HE UNILATERALLY (WITHOUT PRIOR LEGISLATION FROM CONGRESS): IMPOSED THE ATLANTIC BLOCKADE FUNDED THE ARMY (UNCONSTITITIONAL, ONLY CONGRESS CAN APPROPRIATE FUNDS) INCREASE SIZE OF ARMY (UNCONSTITUTIONAL, ONLY CONGRESS CAN DO THAT (HOWEVER CONGRESS SUBSEQUENTLY RATIFIED ALL OF THESE PRESIDENTIAL ACTS) REPEALED THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS – FIRST BY EXECUTIVE ORDER IN 1861, AND FIRST IN THE BORDER STATES, LINCOLN PROCLAIMED THAT PEOPLE OPPOSING THE WAR (“COPPERHEADS”) WOULD BE ARRESTED, HELD IN MILITARY PRISONS, TRIED IN MILITARY COURT WITH NO ACCESS TO CIVILIAN COURTS N.B. THIS IS ESSENTIALLY WHAT THE CURRENT MILITARY COMMISSIONS ACT OF 2006 PROVIDED FOR THE DETAINEES AT GUANTANAMO – NO ACCESS TO CIVILIAN COURTS UNTIL AFTER THEY ARE TRIED AND CONVICTED IN MILITARY TRIBUNALS – AND THE U.S. WILL NOT CHARGE MOST OF THEM SO THEY WON’T EVER HAVE TRIALS NOTE THEME HERE, THE TENSION DURING WARTIME BETWEEN NATIONAL SECURITY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES. WE SAW IT FIRST WITH JOHN ADAMS, DURING THE QUASI-WAR WITH FRANCE USING THE SEDITION ACT TO INTIMIDATE, IMPRISON OPPONENTS OF THE WAR EX PARTE MERRYMAN (1861) – NOT A SUPREME COURT CASE BUT THE OPINION IS BY CHIEF JUSTICE ROGER TANEY (A DEMOCRAT – AUTHOR OF DRED SCOTT DECISION) SITTING AS CIRCUIT JUDGE: HELD ONLY CONGRESS HAS THE POWER TO SUSPEND THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, SO LINCOLN COULD NOT DO IT BY EXECUTIVE ORDER LINCOLN IGNORED TANEY’S ORDER (EVEN CONSIDERED HAVING TANEY ARRESTED!) -- CONTINUED TO HAVE COPPERHEADS IN THE BORDER STATES ARRESTED AND PUT INTO MILITARY PRISONS EX PARTE MILLIGAN (1866) – CHIEF JUSTICE SALMON P. CHASE A. BACKGROUND: HABEAS CORPUS ACT OF 1863 TRIALS OF CIVILIANS IN MILITARY COURTS B. FACTS: MILLIGAN, A CIVILIAN RESIDENT OF INDIANA, WAS TRIED AND CONVICTED IN A MILITARY COURT OF CONSPIRING TO RELEASE CONFEDERATE POWS. C. ISSUES: 1. DOES THE CONSTITUTION APPLY DURING WARTIME? 2. CAN CIVILIANS BE TRIED IN MILITARY COURTS? 3. WHEN CAN CONGRESS SUSPEND THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS? D. HOLDING: 1. THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS MUST OBEY THE CONSTITUTION EVEN DURING WAR: IT IS “A LAW FOR RULERS AND PEOPLE, EQUALLY IN TIME OF WAR AND PEACE.” 2. THE CONSITITUTION SAYS HABEAS CAN BE REVOKED ONLY IT "THE PUBLIC SAFETY" REQUIRES IT. 3. IF REGULAR CIVILAN COURTS REMAIN OPEN DURING A WAR, CIVILIANS WHO ARE U.S. CITIZENS CANNOT BE TRIED IN MILITARY COURTS (VIOLATES CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO GRAND JURY, JURY TRIAL) SUPREME COURT HAS SINCE MADE IT CLEAR THAT THIS MEANS CONGRESS CANNOT REVOKE OR SUSPEND HABEAS CORPUS FOR U.S. CITIZENS IF CIVILIAN COURTS ARE OPEN– UNCLEAR IF IT APPLIES TO NON-CITIZENS IN THE U.S.Read more: E. LEGAL/HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: IN EVERY MAJOR WAR PRESIDENTS WILL FLOUT THE CONSTITUTION. IN MANY CASES SUPREME COURT WILL RELY ON MILLIGAN TO INVALIDATE UNCONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENTIAL ACTIONS "THE LOYAL OPPOSITION" DEMOCRATIC OPPOSITION TO THE WAR SPREAD (BEYOND PRO-SOUTH COPPERHEADS) AFTER THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION (NEXT SERIES OF SLIDES) EVEN THOUGH LINCOLN TRIED TO NEUTRALIZE HIS OPPONENTS WITHIN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY (E.G., SEWARD AND STANTON) BY APPOINTING THEM TO HIS CABINET, THERE WERE STILL “RADICAL” REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS WHO OPPOSED HIS UNCONSTITUTIONAL ACTIONS, WERE MORE PRO-ABOLITION, WANTED MORE “AGGRESSIVE” WAR CONGRESSIONAL JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR, FORMED 1861 TO “OVERSEE” WAR – THORN IN LINCOLN’S SIDE, WILL FORM CORE OF RADICAL REPUBLICANS DURING RECONSTRUCTION THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION – “BILL OF LADING” OR BIG DEAL? EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, JANUARY 1, 1863: NOT CLEAR WHETHER IT DIRECTLY FREED ANY SLAVES, BUT IT DEFINITELY PAVED THE WAY FOR END OF SLAVERY LINCOLN ANNOUNCED IN SEPTEMBER, 1862 THAT HE WOULD ISSUE THE PROCLAMATION HE SAID IT WAS “A MILITARY NECESSITY” -- TO UNDERMINE THE SOUTH – AND RELIED ON HIS POWERS AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF TO ISSUE IT HE MADE IT CLEAR IN HIS SEPTEMBER PROCLAMATION THAT EMANCIPATION WOULD APPLY ONLY IN STATES THAT DID NOT REJOIN UNION BY 1/1/63 – ANY THAT REJOINED COULD CONTINUE SLAVERY: “THAT ON THE FIRST DAY OF JANUARY IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD, ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SIXTY-THREE, ALL PERSONS HELD AS SLAVES WITHIN ANY STATE, OR DESIGNATED PART OF A STATE, THE PEOPLE WHEREOF SHALL THEN BE IN REBELLION AGAINST THE UNITED STATES SHALL BE THEN, THENCEFORWARD, AND FOREVER FREE.” NEEDLESS TO SAY, THIS DID NOT PERSUADE ANY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES TO RETURN TO THE UNION (AMONG OTHER THINGS, ALL THEIR POLITICAL LEADERS AND MILITARY OFFICERS WOULD BE GUILTY OF TREASON AGAINST THE U.S.) THUS, THE FINAL PROCLAMATION ON JANUARY 1, 1863 APPLIED ONLY TO “ARKANSAS, TEXAS, LOUISIANA (EXCEPT [13 SPECIFIED PARISHES] INCLUDING THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS) MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA, FLORIDA, GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, NORTH CAROLINA, AND VIRGINIA (EXCEPT THE FORTY-EIGHT COUNTIES DESIGNATED AS WEST VIRGINIA, AND ALSO [5 SPECIFIED COUNTIES] INCLUDING THE CITIES OF NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH)” AND STRESSED THAT THE “EXCEPTED PARTS, ARE FOR THE PRESENT, LEFT PRECISELY AS IF THIS PROCLAMATION WERE NOT ISSUED.” IT APPLIED ONLY TO CONFEDERATE AREAS THE U.S. DID NOT CONTROL ALSO DIDN’T APPLY TO NEARLY 800,000 SLAVES IN BORDER STATES SLAVERY WAS ALSO LEFT INTACT IN AREAS OF VIRGINIA AND LOUISIANA CIRCLED ABOVE EFFECTS OF EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: THERE ARE SOME CLAIMS IT LED TO IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION OF SOME SLAVES IN BORDER STATES, EVEN SOME IN CSA CERTAIN EFFECT: BRITAIN WOULD NOT AID THE SOUTH – WOULDN’T FIGHT FOR SLAVERY: o EXAMPLE: THE CASE OF THE LAIRD RAMS – IN 1863 THE LAIRD SHIPYARD CONTRACTED TO BUILD TWO POWERFUL IRONCLAD BATTLESHIPS FOR THE C.S.A. U.S. MINISTER TO BRITAIN CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS PROTESTED U.S. WOULD SEE IT AS “AN ACT OF WAR” BRITISH GOVERNMENT BLOCKED THE SALE (BOUGHT THE RAMS FOR THE ROYAL NAVY). RECALL THAT PREVIOUSLY BRITAIN ALLOWED LAIRD TO SELL “COMMERCE-RUNNERS” TO CONFEDERACY – ALABAMA EVEN HAD BRITISH CREW CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS I, SON OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, GRANDSON OF JOHN ADAMS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (R., MASS.) 1859 – 1861 MINISTER TO GREAT BRITAIN, 1861 - 1868 THE PROCLAMATION LED TO UNION FORCES ROUTINELY FREEING SLAVES IN AREAS THEY CONQUERED (BEFORE, FEDERAL TROOPS SOMETIMES ASSISTED IN RETURN OF ESCAPED SLAVES TO OWNERS!] EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION EXPRESSLY AUTHORIZED ENLISTMENT OF FREED SLAVES IN U.S. ARMY – THIS, PLUS DEPRIVING SOUTH OF SLAVE LABOR, WAS THE MILITARY GOAL OF THE PROCLAMATION RECRUITING POSTER THE FAMOUS 54TH MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT FIRST REGIMENT OF FREED SLAVES IN U.S. ARMY – OF COURSE THEIR COMMANDER AND ALL COMMISSIONER OFFICERS WERE WHITE AND OF COURSE, DESPITE PROMISE OF $13/MONTH PAY (SAME AS WHITE SOLDIERS) THEY WERE PAID ONLY $7/MONTH YELLOW DOTS = BATTLES WHERE AFRICAN-AMERICAN REGIMENTS FOUGHT LITHOGRAPH DEPICT BLACK UNION TROOPS FREEING SLAVES. N.B. THAT FREED SLAVES IN NORTH WHO RETURNED SOUTH TO FIGHT RISKED RE-CAPTURE AND EXECUTION AS “REBELLING SLAVES” MAIN EFFECT OF EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION = LINCOLN CHANGED THE NORTH’S WAR GOAL – NOW THE GOAL WAS TO END SLAVERY! HE KNEW THAT NOW, IF NORTH WON, IT WOULD HAVE TO ABOLISH SLAVERY (AND IT DID – 13TH AMENDMENT, RATIFIED 1865) SO WAS HOFSTADTER RIGHT? WAS THE PROCLAMATION REALLY JUST A "BILL OF LADING"? ARE PEOPLE RIGHT WHEN THEY SAY LINCOLN FREED THE SLAVES? FINALLY, RACIST AS HE WAS, WHAT WAS LINCOLN'S TRUE POSITION ON SLAVERY? HOW POPULAR WAS THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION IN THE NORTH? EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION WAS NOT VERY POPULAR IN THE NORTH! NOT VERY! SOME DEMOCRATS REFERRED TO LINCOLN AS “APE,” WAR AS “NIGGER WAR” SOME DEMOCRATS REFERRED TO LINCOLN AS “APE,” WAR AS “NIGGER WAR” SOUTHERN VIEW OF EMANCIPATION: “LINCOLN WRITING THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION” (SEE NOTES) FROM A RICHMOND NEWSPAPER – LINCOLN ISSUES THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION ONE NORTHERN VIEW OF EMANCIPATION – THOMAS NAST, “THE EMANCIPATION OF THE NEGRO, THE PAST AND THE FUTURE” HARPERS, JANUARY 1863 DEMOCRATIC RHYME: “HONEST OLD ABE WHEN THE WAR FIRST BEGAN DENIED ABOLITION WAS PART OF HIS PLAN. HONEST OLD ABE HAS SINCE MADE A DECREE, THE WAR MUST GO ON TILL THE SLAVES ARE ALL FREE. AS BOTH CAN’T BE HONEST, WILL SOME ONE TELL HOW, IF HONEST ABE THEN, HE IS HONEST ABE NOW?” FROM THE CINCINNATI, OHIO ENQUIRER: “THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS, IF NOT MILLIONS OF SLAVES THE [PROCLAMATION] WILL EMANCIPATE WILL COME NORTH AND WEST AND WILL EITHER BE COMPETITORS WITH OUR WHITE MECHANICS AND LABORERS, DEGRADING THEM BY COMPETITION, OR THEY WILL HAVE TO BE SUPPORTED AS PAUPERS AND CRIMINALS AT PUBLIC EXPENSE.” MARCH 1863 – TWO MORE MAJOR ACTS OF CONGRESS HABEAS CORPUS ACT: CONGRESS SUSPENDED WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS AND PROVIDED THAT “TRAITORS” BE TRIED IN MILITARY COURTS (SO NOW THAT APPLIED THROUGHOUT UNION, NOT JUST BORDER STATES) MAY, 1863 -- AFTER DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN CLEMENT (OHIO) VALLANDINGHAM GAVE A SPEECH IN DAYTON DENOUNCING “KING LINCOLN,” THE ARMY ARRESTED HIM, CONVICTED HIM IN A MILITARY COURT OF “UTTERING DISLOYAL SENTIMENTS, AND SENTENCED HIM TO TWO YEARS IN MILITARY • ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND JOHN ADAMS PRISON MUST HAVE SMILED FROM HEAVEN (OR HELL)! LINCOLN HAD VALLANDINGHAM RELEASED TO CONFEDERACY (DIDN’T WANT TO MAKE HIM A MARTYR) – V. WON DEMOCRATIC NOMINATION FOR OHIO GOVERNOR IN 1864! CONSCRIPTION ACT OF 1863 – DRAFT! MEN AGED 18 – 45 SUBJECT TO DRAFT (THERE WERE PERSTATE QUOTAS) -- BUT MEN WHO OWNED PROPERTY WERE EXEMPT A MAN COULD PAY $300 AND BE EXEMPTED A MAN COULD HIRE A SUBSTITUTE TO GO IN HIS PLACE THE BURDEN FELL ON POOR, INCLUDING IMMIGRANTS – THE VERY CLASS MOST CONCERNED THAT FREED SLAVES WOULD BECOME LABOR-MARKET COMPETITORS NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS, JULY 13-16, 1863 POOR PEOPLE (MOSTLY IRISH IMMIGRANTS BATTLED POLICE, THEN ARMY FOR 4 DAYS – AT LEAST 120 KILLED, THOUSANDS WOUNDED IT TURNED INTO A POGROM AGAINST BLACKS – SEVERAL WERE LYNCHED, AN ORPHANAGE FOR BLACK CHILDREN WAS BURNED “OPEN LETTER” FROM ABRAHAM LINCOLN, AUGUST 1863: “YOU SAY YOU WILL NOT FIGHT TO FREE NEGROES. SOME OF THEM SEEM WILLING TO FIGHT FOR YOU, BUT NO MATTER. FIGHT, THEN, EXCLUSIVELY TO SAVE THE UNION. I ISSUED THE PROCLAMATION ON PURPOSE TO AID YOU IN SAVING THE UNION.” IN FACT, NOT MANY ON EITHER SIDE WERE EAGER TO SERVE AND FIGHT BY 1863! WOMEN AND THE WAR – WOMEN GAINED PROFESSIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SKILL THAT WILL BE PUT TO USE IN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AT HOME: MORE WOMEN ENTERED WORKFORCE TO REPLACE MEN: INDUSTRY – BEFORE WAR, 25% OF INDUSTRIAL WORK FORCE WAS FEMALE. DURING WAR, NEARLY 35% WAS FEMALE GOVERNMENT – ABOUT 500 WOMEN CLERKS “GOVERNMENT GIRLS” -- WORKED IN GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN D.C. WOMEN WORKERS AT THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT ON THE FRONT ABOUT 400 WOMEN (ON BOTH SIDES) POSED AS MEN AND FOUGHT IN WAR - EXAMPLE BELOW, FRANCES CLAYTON, SERVED IN THE MISSOURI ARTILLERY REGIMENT WOMEN NURSES: CLARA BARTON, U.S. ARMY SUPERINTENDENT OF NURSING, AND CSA CAPTAIN SALLY THOMPKINS ORGANIZED WOMEN WAR NURSING CORPS THEIR WORK NOT ONLY HELPED TURN NURSING INTO A PROFESSION, BUT ALSO AN ACCEPTABLE ONE FOR WOMEN BOTH ON THE FRONT AND AT HOME: U.S. SANITARY COMMISSION, OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY TO COORDINATE WOMEN’S VOLUNTEER WAR WORK – ORGANIZED NURSING, SOLDIER’S HOMES, “SANITARY FAIRS” TO RAISE $ FOR WAR SEAL OF SANITARY COMMISSION. DR. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, FIRST WOMAN IN U.S. TO BECOME MEDICAL DOCTOR, HELPED ORGANIZE THE COMMISSION BROOKLYN SANITARY FAIR, L. LOUISA MAY ALCOTT, R., WORKED AS A VOLUNTEER SANITARY COMMISSION NURSE IN MASSACHUSETT THE WAR: THE TIDE TURNS AND TOTAL WAR THE TIDE TURNS – JULY 1863 BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, JULY 1 – 3, 1863 THIS WAS LEE’S SECOND (AND LAST) ATTEMPT TO INVADE NORTH AND ENCIRCLE D.C. -HAD HE SUCCEEDED, SOUTH WOULD HAVE WON WAR! IT WAS LEE V. MEADE AND UNION WON – MEADE DROVE LEE’S TROOPS BACK TO VIRGINIA - BUT FAILED TO PURSUE THEM (LINCOLN NOT HAPPY!) HIGH LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES AGAIN, BUT AGAIN HIGHER RATE ON SOUTHERN SIDE LINCOLN FELT THAT HIS MEADE AND HIS PAST CHIEF GENERALS IN THE EAST WERE TOO WORRIED ABOUT CASUALTIES AND THUS NOT AGGRESSIVE ENOUGH! GETTYSBURG GETTYSBURG – REMEMBER, BOTH SIDES WERE AMERICANS. ALMOST ALL COMMISSIONED OFFICERS WENT TO WEST POINT, KNEW EACH OTHER. FRIENDS, BROTHERS, COUSINS IN SAME FAMILIES FOUGHT ON DIFFERENT SIDES. IT DIDN’T STOP THEM FROM KILLING EACH OTHER GETTYSBURG GETTYSBURG SEIGE OF CSA FORTRESS AT VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI, MAY 18, 1863 – JULY 4, 1863 -- CONFEDERATE SURRENDER ONE DAY AFTER UNION VICTORY AT GETTYSBURG VICKSBURG USA CSA TOTAL TROOPS 77,000 - 33,000 KILLED OR WOUNDED 4,835 3,202 CAPTURED 29,495 WITH GRANT AND SHERMAN’S CONQUEST OF VICKSBURG, THE NORTH CONTROLLED THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THE ANACONDA PLAN WAS COMPLETE, AND WESTERN CONFEDERATE FORCES WERE CUT OFF FROM COMMUNICATION WITH EASTERN FORCES – SOUTH DID NOT SURRENDER LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS, NOVEMBER 19, 1863 (PHD 15-9) – I DIDN’T ASSIGN IT FOR HOMEWORK BUT PLEASE READ IT! AT THE DEDICATION OF THE GETTYSBURG BATTLEFIELD CEMETERY, LINCOLN ANNOUNCED IN NEAR-BIBLICAL TERMS THAT THE PURPOSE OF THE WAR WAS TO ABOLISH SLAVERY: “FOUR-SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO, OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL.” ABOVE, THE ONLY DOCUMENTED PHOTO OF LINCOLN (CIRCLED) AT GETTYSBURG FOLLOWING SLIDE = ONE OF LINCOLN’S MANUSCRIPTS OF THE ADDRESS, AND N.Y. TIMES REPORT OF IT TOTAL WAR – AFTER GETTYSBURG AND VICKSBURG, LINCOLN FIRED MEADE AND BROUGHT GRANT EAST TO BE GENERAL-IN-CHIEF TO WAGE TOTAL WAR ON THE SOUTH – UTTER DESTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH EXAMPLE = SHERMAN’S “MARCH TO THE SEA” – NOVEMBER – DECEMBER 1864 AFTER CONQUERING ATLANTA IN SEPTEMBER 1864, SHERMAN AND HIS TROOPS SET OUT FOR SAVANNAH – AND TO DESTROY EVERY FARM, EVERY RAILROAD, EVERYTHING IN THEIR PATH THE GOAL WAS NOT JUST TO WIN TERRITORY, BUT TO INFLICT MAXIMUM PSYCHOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO DEMORALIZE THE SOUTH, INCLUDING CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS KNOWING THAT THEIR HOMES WERE BEING DESTROYED [TODAY SOME PEOPLE MIGHT CALL GRANT AND SHERMAN WAR CRIMINALS] SHERMAN’S MARCH – AFTER HE GOT TO SAVANNAH, HE CONTINUED ON INTO NORTH CAROLINA – GOAL TO GET BEHIND LEE IN VIRGINIA (GRANT WAS ENGAGED WITH LEE THERE) TOTAL WAR TOTAL WAR TOTAL WAR (TEARING UP RAILROAD TRACKS) TOTAL WAR TTOTAL WAR THE ATROCITIES WEREN’T ALL ON THE UNION SIDE – EXAMPLE, ANDERSONVILLE (FT. SUMTER), GEORGIA CONFEDERATE PRISON FOR UNION POWS, FEBRUARY 1865 – APRIL 1865 (14 MONTHS) IT WAS A STOCKADE WAS DESIGNED TO HOLD 10,000 PRISONERS – ULTIMATELY AS MANY AS 32,000 AT ONE TIME WERE IMPRISONED THERE UNION POWS WHO SURVIVED THE CSA PRISON AT ANDERSONVILLE ABOUT 45,000 UNION POWS WERE IMPRISONED AT ANDERSONVILLE. ABOUT 12,913 (28%) DIED, MOSTLY OF DISEASES (SCURVY, HOOKWORM, ETC.) AND STARVATION MEANWHILE, IN NOVEMBER 1864 – ELECTION OF 1864 LINCOLN (R) VERSUS NONE OTHER THAN GENERAL GEORGE MCCLELLAN AND A NEW VICE PRESIDENT FOR LINCOLN – ANDREW JOHNSON OF TENNESSEE (TO APPEAL TO SOUTHERN SYMPATHIZERS?) LINCOLN, JOHNSON AND MCCLELLAN DEMOCRATIC (COPPERHEAD ANTI-LINCOLN ELECTION PAMPHLET (L) AND REPUBLICAN HANDBILL (R) – FIRST USE OF REPUBLICAN ELEPHANT ANOTHER DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGN CARTOON (SEE NOTES) REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN CARTOON (SEE NOTES) ANOTHER REPUBLICAN CARTOON (SEE NOTES) 1864 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS ENDGAME IN THE WAR: “THE WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN” – GRANT V. LEE IN VIRGINIA 1864-65 THIS WAS MOSTLY TRENCH WARFARE AND HAND-TO-HAND FIGHTING IN WOODS AND BRUSH OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY, VA. (LEE WRONGLY THOUGHT THAT HE COULD WEAR GRANT DOWN) INCLUDED THE BATTLE OF COLD HARBOR, 1864 – GRANT SENT THOUSANDS OF UNION TROOPS, WITH PAPERS WITH NAMES AND ADDRESSES PINNED TO THEIR BACKS, TO CERTAIN DEATH AGAINST LEE’S FORTIFIED POSITION. CONFEDERATE VICTORY? BUT CONFEDERACY COULDN’T AFFORD TO LOSE MANY TROOPS AT THAT POINT 1865 BURIAL PARTY AT COLD HARBOR 1865 PHOTO OF SKULLS LEFT IN THE VIRGINIA WILDERNESS PUBLIC OPINION IN THE NORTH WAS CRITICAL OF “GRANT THE BUTCHER” HE WAS WILLING TO INCUR CASUALTIES TO WIN! UNION CASUALITIES (55,000) WERE HIGHER THAN CONFEDERATE (32,000) BUT CONFEDERATE CASUALTY RATE WAS SLIGHTLY HIGHER (50% V. 46%) – AND CONFEDERACY WAS RUNNING OUT OF MEN! AND UNION WOULD ACCEPT NOTHING SHORT OF TOTAL SURRENDER FROM THE SOUTH, WHICH SOUTH WOULD NOT DO UNTIL TOTALLY DEFEATED GRANT AT COLD HARBOR THE END – PETERSBURG, RICHMOND AND APPOMATTOX AT THE END OF THE WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN, GRANT’S TROOPS LAID SEIGE TO PETERSBURG, VA (CRITICAL SUPPLY DEPOT FOR LEE (JUNE 15, 1864 – APRIL 12, 1865) UNION TROOPS WITH MORTAR ON RAIL FLATCAR OUTSIDE PETERSBURG APRIL 2, 1865 – GRANT CONQUERED RICHMOND (LINCOLN WENT TO RICHMOND AND SAT AT JEFFERSON DAVIS’S DESK) CONFEDERACY MOVED CAPITOL TO DANVILLE BUT . . . THE SURRENDER, APRIL 9, 1865 – LEE FORMALLY SURRENDERED TO GRANT AT APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE PROGRESS OF THE WAR, 1861 - 1865 BUT WAS IT OVER? ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN AT FORD’S THEATER, APRIL 14, 1865 CURRIER & IVES PRINT FORD’S THEATER (APRIL 14, 1865) – LINCOLN WAS THERE TO SEE THE PLAY “OUR AMERICAN COUSIN” “NOW HE BELONGS TO THE ANGELS” – A CASUALTY OF WAR? AND THE UNION THAT JUST DEFEATED THE SOUTH WOUND UP WITH A SOUTHERN PRESIDENT – ANDREW JOHNSON OF TENNESSEE – UH-OH! THE ASSASSIN – FAMOUS ACTOR AND CONFEDERATE SYMPATHIZER JOHN WILKES BOOTH – HE GOT AWAY, BUT WAS CAPTURED AND KILLED BY THE ARMY 8 DAYS LATER THE ASSASSINATION WAS PART OF A LARGER PLOT: LEWIS POWELL (L, IN CUSTODY) WAS SUPPOSED TO KILL SECRETARY OF STATE WILLIAM SEWARD (HE DID BREAK INTO SEWARD’S HOUSE AND STAB HIM REPEATEDLY, BUT SEWARD LIVED) GEORGE ATZERODT WAS SUPPOSED TO KILL VICE PRESIDENT JOHNSON BUT NEVER ATTEMPTED TO THE ARMY ROUNDED THEM AND THE OTHER CONSPIRATORS UP, AND THEIR LANDLADY, AND HUNG THEM ON JULY 7, 1865 THE HANGING: MARY SURRATT, LEWIS POWELL, DAVID HEROLD, GEORGE ATZERODT, FORT MC NAIR, WASHINGTON, D.C. IT WAS A PARTY – CROWDS ATTENDED, LEMONADE WAS SOLD, ETC. THE ARMY ALSO ARRESTED DR. SAMUEL MUDD, THE DOCTOR WHO SET BOOTH’S BROKEN LEG (BROKEN WHEN HE JUMPED OUT OF LINCOLN’S BOX AT FORD’S THEATER). HE WAS CONVICTED OF CONSPIRACY AND SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT AT FORT JEFFERSON IN THE DRY TORTUGAS, FLORIDA MUDD’S SENTENCE WAS COMMUTED IN 1869 AFTER HE TOOK OVER AS PRISON DOCTOR DURING A YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC ALL THE ALLEGED CONSPIRATORS WERE TRIED BY MILITARY TRIBUNALS – UNCONSTITUTIONALLY? WHAT WAS “WON”? THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS THE SOVEREIGN RECALL HOW MANY MAJOR LAWS CONGRESS PASSED DURING THE CIVIL WAR AS OPPOSED TO BEFORE. AND THAT WAS JUST THE BEGINNING! AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BECAME MORE ORGANIZED AND BUREAUCRATIC DURING THE WAR IT SET THE U.S. ON THE PATH TO BECOMING AS MAJOR INDUSTRIAL AND IMPERIAL SUPERPOWER ABOLITION OF SLAVERY: 13TH AMENDMENT – LINCOLN’S LEGACY, RATIFIED 1865: “SECTION 1. NEITHER SLAVERY NOR INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE, EXCEPT AS A PUNISHMENT FOR CRIME WHEREOF THE PARTY SHALL HAVE BEEN DULY CONVICTED, SHALL EXIST WITHIN THE UNITED STATES, OR ANY PLACE SUBJECT TO THEIR JURISDICTION. SECTION 2. CONGRESS SHALL HAVE POWER TO ENFORCE THIS ARTICLE BY APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION.” BUT AS YOU SHOULD KNOW BY NOW, BLACK AMERICANS WERE STILL VERY FAR FROM TRUE “FREEDOM.” WHAT WERE THE COSTS? 1. ≈ 620,000 DEAD, ≈ 375,000 WOUNDED NOT JUST A DEADLY WAR, BUT THE DEADLIEST IN OUR HISTORY – AND IT WAS “BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER” N.B. IT WAS THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHED WAR IN OUR HISTORY – FIRST TIME PEOPLE NOT AT BATTLEFIELDS COULD SEE THE HORROR OF WAR – AND IT DIDN’T MAKE US ANY LESS WARLIKE! A FEW OF THE WOUNDED OTHER COSTS -- THE SOUTH’S AGRICULTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE WERE TOTALLY DESTROYED HAD TO BE “RECONSTRUCTED” –> MORE, NOT LESS, SECTIONAL ANIMOSITY NORTH-SOUTH SECTIONAL ANIMOSITY LINGERS TODAY NEXT – THE TRAUMA CONTINUES -- RECONSTRUCTION