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Civil War and Reconstruction Causes of the Civil War Slavery Moral issue—NO Compromise on the moral issues Cultural Differences States’ Rights Conflicting interpretations of the Constitution Economics Western Territories Politics Split of the Democratic party over slavery Development—and success of—the GOP Lincoln’s Dilemma, 1861 Lincoln had four choices when he came into office: adopt the Crittenden Compromise and wait for seceded states to return blockade the ports of the South, and wait for them to succumb raise a huge army and batter the Confederacy into submission give up and let seceded states go in peace Lincoln refused to back off his campaign pledge of no western expansion of slavery but guaranteed the operation of the Fugitive Slave Law Ft. Sumter, April 12, 1861 Lincoln attached great importance to the retention of two U.S. forts in the South, Pickens (Pensacola) and Sumter (Charleston) sent a supply ship to Ft. Sumter on April 11, 1861 Davis also attached great importance to keeping forts Confederate forces, on Davis’ orders, open fired on Ft. Sumter on April 12 • Fort surrendered the next day War Aims Confederacy: Independence • Be left alone Fight a defensive war • Lots of land to conquer Don’t force war Foreign recognition U.S.: Restore the Union Be the aggressor • put down the rebellion Invade South and destroy the rebel army and government Advantages Confederacy: Fighting defensive war South a huge territory Knew the territory Southerner fighting to protect his home Union: Population • 18 million persons in North; 9 million in South (4 million were slaves) Industry • 90% of nation’s manufacturing capacity • 2/3 of railroad miles • Most raw materials—iron, coal, copper, and precious metals were in the North controlled the seas U.S. Army Battle over the Border States Maryland Pratt St. Riot, April 19, 1861 Md. placed under martial law; habeas corpus suspended Missouri Mo. Legislature refused to secede from Union • But Gov. Jackson sought to join the Confederacy U.S. troops arrest Gov. Jackson, install pro-Union gov’t Kentucky Sept. 1861, both Union and Confederate forces invade • Union forces drive Confederates out of the state West Virginia When Va. secedes from Union, western counties secede from Va. Confederate Government Confederate government faced formidable tasks No army, navy, treasury, currency, foreign service, or bureaucracy in 1861 restricted by the doctrine of states rights 1861, Confederate Congress called for 500,000 volunteers for the army While volunteers joined the army readily in 1861, the government could not equip them Most Confederate soldiers initially brought their own weapons—hunting rifles Confederate forces never all wore a regulation uniform Confederate Conscription Act April 1862, Confederate Conscription Act all white males between 18-35 (later 17-50) subject to military service but provided numerous exemptions to the draft • “fighters” and “producers” • “20 slave law” • substitution “King Cotton” Diplomacy Confederate government placed a lot of faith in Britain to come to its aid Believed Britain was so dependent on cotton that it would intervene into the war on the South’s behalf Confederacy refused to export cotton at the beginning of war South effectively blockaded itself in 1861 • The major diplomatic mistake of the war King Cotton not as powerful as South believed Britain had stockpiles, and cotton in Egypt and India Britain also had very close ties with the North Slavery and the War Slaves played vital role in Confederate war effort Produced food Made up a large percentage of the industrial labor force Were used on military projects • laws authorized impressment of slaves for mil. work Slave labor enabled white men to join the army Slaves also saw war as an opportunity for freedom As early as 1861, runaways flocked to the Union lines • Initially, some runaway slaves were returned to masters • Later declared “contrabands” Runaway slaves forced Union Army and Lincoln government to deal with issue of slavery Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 Following Union victory at Antietam, 22 Sept. 1862, using the President’s war powers, Lincoln announced that on January 1, 1863, all slaves held in a state or part of a state which was in rebellion should be “then, thenceforward and forever free” Technically, Emancipation Proclamation freed no one However, the Emancipation Proclamation completely changed the character of the war North now committed to larger cause of freedom European nations were now never going to recognize the South while it was fighting to preserve slavery. Runaway Slaves entering New Bern, N.C., January 1863 Gettysburg and Vicksburg, July 1863 Gettysburg, July 1-3: Ended Lee’s northern invasion Ruined chance of CSA to end war with a quick stroke on Northern soil Cost Lee more men than he could afford to lose Vicksburg, July 4: Opened Mississippi River to the Union Gave Union control of entire Mississippi Valley Effectively broke the Confederacy in half Brought Grant east The War in the South By end of 1862 Southern civilians began to experience shortages inflation was rampant • Confederate currency worthless by 1864 Food production declined dramatically • men pulled form the farms to army • slaves also fled as war progressed Rail lines collapsed Union occupation • Union armies destroyed cotton, crops, and livestock By end of 1864, Confederate army in shambles, burdened by desertion and lack of supplies Appomattox Court House, 9 April 1865 Lincoln’s assassination April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln Booth was the leader of a conspiracy which planned to kill Lincoln, Grant, VP Andrew Johnson, and Sec. of State William Seward. Only the attempt on Lincoln was successful Booth killed by Federal troops Assassination of Lincoln hardened Northern attitudes No longer willing to have an easy peace with the South Questions of the peace What power did freed slaves have? Did they have full rights as citizens? Could they vote and hold public office? What right did former rebels have? Did they have full rights as citizens? Could they vote and hold public office? Who would run the Southern States? Would Southern legislatures continue in office? Would new elections be ordered? Who could vote? Who could run? 13th Amendment 1864, Senate approved the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery in the U.S. Ratified in December 1865 Questions following Emancipation Now that slaves were free, where was their place? • were they citizens? could they vote? Did they get any land? • ‘40 Acres and a Mule’? Southern representation • If freedmen were not able to vote, Southern whites would get more seats in Congress, without diluting any of their votes, helping the white South Freedmen Southern blacks got their freedom, but little else many stayed on their plantations, working for their same masters, but now for pay some left, just because they could • went looking for lost family, or better work Most wanted land of their own, but few got it soldiers, and some others who had saved some money, were able to but land there was a hope that the U.S. government would give or lease freemen land, esp. confiscated rebel land, but few actually got any Freedmen were free, but with little hope of ever getting any land of their own The South after the War South destroyed in 1865 economically, politically, socially, agriculturally many areas without law and order • widespread looting freedmen and refugees roamed the countryside • violence against freemen and Southern Unionists U.S. armies remained as an army of occupation 200,000 Union troops kept the peace under martial law military courts set up issued rations to refugees and civilians army hospitals treated sick and wounded Early Reconstruction, 1862-65 As U.S. Army invaded South, the “reconstruction” of occupied territory began Lincoln’s “10% Plan,” 1863 Full pardon and full restitution of all property (except slaves) to rebels who professed allegiance to Union • Leading Confederate officials and officers excluded Once 10% of the white male population took the oath of allegiance, a new state government could be formed Congress opposed Lincoln’s plan as too lenient Refused to acknowledge three state governments— Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee—that Lincoln had recognized as reconstructed. Different views of what Reconstruction should entail: Most Republicans agreed Reconstruction should include: • • • • absolute repudiation of secession guarantees for the freedom and civil rights of blacks security and political power for Southern Unionists temporary political disqualification for Confederates Democrats wanted self-reconstruction: • allow existing Southern state governments to: declare their loyalty to the Union supervise the election of new representatives Radical Republicans wanted: • overthrow Southern ruling class • enfranchise blacks • give freedmen confiscated rebel land Presidential Reconstruction, 1865 1865, Andrew Johnson issued his plan for Reconstructing the seceded states: Amnesty and the restitution of property (not slaves) to rebels who would take the oath of allegiance • prominent and rich Confederates were excluded Named a provisional governor for N.C., and recognized the Lincoln-sponsored gov’ts of La., Ark., Tenn., & Va. Once 10% of white male population of remaining states declared allegiance to U.S., they could form gov’ts Ordered new state governments to hold constitutional conventions; new Constitutions must include: • abolition of slavery • nullification of secession • repudiation of all state debts incurred during the war Black suffrage With new state constitutions passed, Johnson declared all the former Confederate states readmitted to the Union in Dec. 1865 None of the new state constitutions made provisions for black suffrage angered Republicans and abolitionists allowed Southern states to gain more political power (because of revocation of 3/5 clause), without having to give blacks the vote Only six states allowed blacks to vote in 1865 In 1865, Conn., Wis., and Minn. all rejected measures that would have given blacks the right to vote Southern Defiance Some states did not abide by Johnson’s requirements Repealed, instead of repudiated, their secession ordinances Miss. and S.C. failed to repudiate their debt Miss. and Texas failed to ratify the 13th amendment Ga. sought compensation for slaves Black Codes established in most Southern states Allowed blacks to be arrested for ambiguous crimes et rules for where blacks could live and work Revoked by the Freedman’s Bureau and Congress Leading ex-Confederates elected to U.S. Congress 14th Amendment, 1866 All native born and naturalized persons, including blacks, were citizens of the U.S. States prohibited from depriving any person “of life, liberty, or property” without due process of the law States prohibited from denying any person “equal protection of the laws” Reduction of congressional representation any state that withheld suffrage from its adult male citizens Disqualified from holding office any person who had engaged in rebellion against the U.S. Guaranteed the national debt and repudiated the Confederate debt Gave Congress the right to enforce the Amendment by “appropriate legislation” Congressional Reconstruction, 1866-1868 Southern states, with Johnson’s urging, rejected passage of the 14th Amendment drove the moderates to side with the radicals in Congress First Reconstruction Act, Feb. 1867: Nullified the existing Southern governments • Placed them under military rule Set forth provisions for the readmission of unreconstructed states back into the Union: • Constitutional convention elected by universal manhood suffrage • Ratification of a new constitution that included black suffrage • Ratification of the 14th Amendment Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Act, but Congress passed it over his veto Congressional Reconstruction Second Reconstruction Act, March 1867: Required generals in command of the Southern territories to register eligible voters and set the machinery in motion for convention elections Third Reconstruction Act, July 1867: Declared Southern provisional governments subordinate in all respects to the military rule • Allowed military commanders to remove officials from office Broadly defined disfranchised ex-Confederates • Rejected any voter’s oath of allegiance if believed it to be falsely sworn Congressional Reconstruction September 1867, 735,000 blacks and 635,000 whites were registered to vote in ten unreconstructed states blacks held a voting majority in five states 10-15% of the white population in the South was disenfranchised because of their wartime activities • another 25-30% of the white population in the South did not register Southern GOP made up of Southern Unionists (scalawags) Blacks Northerners who had migrated South (carpetbaggers) Democratic party made up of ex-Confederates who could vote “Black and Tan” Conventions, 1867-68 A number of blacks were elected as delegates to the constitutional conventions blacks the majority in the S.C. and La. conventions First time in US that blacks & whites worked together to write laws of their government Many of the constitutions were very progressive universal manhood suffrage mandated public schools for both races increased state responsibility for social welfare most forbid disfranchisement of ex-Confederates Readmission to the Union The Ku Klux Klan 1866, KKK founded in Tenn. by 1868 it had evolved into a terrorist organization assaulted and killed freemen; burned their homes, businesses and schools attacked GOP voters & leaders, white & black 1868 presidential campaign 200+ political murders in Ark. 1000 persons killed in La. between April and November GOP got no votes in 11 counties 15th Amendment 1868, black men not allowed to vote in 11 of 21 Northern States and none of the 5 border states. 1/6 of the nation’s black population lived in states where they could not vote 1868, the Republican Congress drafted a Constitutional amendment permitting black suffrage Congress passed 15th Amendment in 1869; ratified by the states in March 1870. 15th Amendment forbid states from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude Myth of “Black Reconstruction” White Southerners have portrayed “black rule” of the South as incompetently run by hoards of uneducated ex-slaves, this is not the truth blacks actually held no more than 20% of government offices during the height of reconstruction (1869-1876) • only 14 black congressmen and 2 black senators elected Most G.O.P. officeholders were carpetbaggers or scalawags Republicans actually governed very progressively established public schools for both races provided state aid for railroad construction conducted internal improvements reorganized and modernized the judicial system passed civil rights legislation The End of Reconstruction Reconstruction began to unravel during the mid1870s, for a number of reasons: fracturing of the Southern GOP coalition disenchantment of Northern Republicans Democratic resurgence Reconstruction ended when Democrats returned to power and “redeemed” states from “black rule” States redeemed at different times • 1876, Republicans out of power in every Southern state except S.C., La., and Fla. Compromise of 1877 Disputed returns in election of 1876 between Samuel J. Tilden (D) and Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Fraud in the electoral boards in La. and Fla. Congress established an electoral commission to settle the election commission decided for Hayes Deals were made by Hayes to insure peace Appointed Democrats to his cabinet Federal gov’t to give aid to Southern improvements Federal troops withdrawn from S.C. and La. • GOP governments in those states soon collapsed